Byron Sage (20:10)

of break the ice and allow people

Narrator (20:13)

to see just exactly, you know, what

Byron Sage (20:16)

kind of people we have here. I'd like to start off first of all with my oldest son.

Narrator (20:21)

His name is Cyrus.

Byron Sage (20:24)

Come sit over here, son.

Narrator (20:26)

Koresh beckoned his seven year old son Cyrus to sit down next to him. Cyrus had shoulder length blond hair and waved at the camera with a shy smile. One by one, Koresh had other children sit with him. He introduced them and encouraged them to share some facts about themselves, sing their ABCs, and say hello to their Branch Davidian friends outside. He also asked them questions about their love of God. The FBI negotiators who subsequently received these tapes scoured them for intelligence on how everyone inside was doing. They all looked clean, healthy, and comfortable enough. Koresh occasionally closed his eyes in apparent discomfort from his injuries, but did not appear to be suffering. The FBI knew the Branch Davidians were capable of holding up inside the compound for months. For a long time, they'd been stockpiling thousands of military style ready to wait meals and canned goods. They also had their own well, with an electric pump providing a limitless water supply that couldn't be shut off. If the group had everything they needed to survive, it was growing increasingly difficult to find a way to draw them out. The Branch Davidians remained concerned about the tanks surrounding the property and their inability to communicate with the media. The next couple of days continued, with both Koresh and Steve Schneider spending hours and hours talking with the FBI. Steve voiced his concerns that the FBI might kill them all and burn down the entire compound. Koresh mostly preached, though he also offered to send out another child if he could speak to Robert Rodriguez, the undercover ATF agent who'd infiltrated the Branch Davidians. When this wasn't permitted, Koresh reneged on his offer to release anyone else. A week into the siege, the Branch Davidians requested to have milk sent in for the children, which the FBI suggested could be traded for more releases. Koresh flatly refused this, stating, you're dealing with my biological children now. None of the children who had been sent out were his, and he wouldn't entertain the idea of releasing his own sons or daughters. The FBI delivered the milk anyway. The cartons had tiny listening devices implanted into the Styrofoam so that Authorities could listen in on some of the conversations inside the compound. The Branch Davidians were such a cohesive group that the FBI was finding it hard to break through. It wasn't like negotiating with armed robbers or terrorists who were holding hostages captive. Instead, it was the FBI against all of the residents inside who saw them as the enemy. Although they were speaking with various people inside the compound, the two individuals the negotiators spoke to most frequently were Quresh and Steve Schneider. They decided to try driving a wedge between the two friends. Perhaps if there was a chink in the armour, it would be easier to achieve their mission. In the early morning hours of Tuesday, March 9, FBI negotiators asked Steve Schneider if it was true that his wife Judy had a child with Koresh and was considered one of his brides. They challenged Steve about this, clearly trying to provoke him by asking, don't you miss the way it was? But Steve merely reiterated his loyalty to Koresh and replied, it's better than it was. With that attempt failing, siege commander Jeff Jemar decided they needed to make life inside the compound less bearable. At 2:15am on the 10th day of the siege, they cut off its electricity. In the PBS documentary the Inside Story, Jeff Jamar said, there's the 10 day rule. Usually these things are over in 10 days. That night it was going to be 20 degrees. And the thought process was, if we're going to be cold in the dark, let them be cold in the dark, too. Negotiators were less enthusiastic about this decision, aware that it could set back the delicate negotiations process by days. Sure enough, David Koresh refused to come to the phone until the power was restored. It was switched back on later that same morning. This was just the beginning of the power being switched off and turned back on at the FBI's whim. Inside Mount Carmel, tempers were beginning to fray. Those who were injured were suffering even more than the others. David Koresh, whose injuries were the worst, was becoming prone to mood swings. Judy Schneider's right forefinger had been shot during the ATF raid and by this stage had swollen to twice its usual size. She was offered medical assistance by the FBI, but refused to come out. At 3:40 that afternoon, some Branch Davidians climbed up to the window of the watchtower upstairs and unfurled a homemade banner. Outside, written on a bedsheet in large black letters were the words, God help us, we want the press. Negotiators received some positive News on Friday, March 12, when they learnt that a Branch Davidian named Kathy Schroeder would be leaving the compound. Kathy had previously sent her children out and her husband Michael had been killed during a confrontation with the ATF on the day of the botched raid. She wanted to be reunited with her surviving family and Koresh was fine with letting her go as he was already annoyed with her for smoking after the ATF raid. Kathy later told author Jeff he used my smoking for an excuse for kicking me out. He also told me I'd be a beacon of the message to inform the world. Kathy left the compound late that morning with her hands up and was interviewed extensively by the FBI. She assured them there were no suicide plans, but added that many other people inside did want to leave. They couldn't do so because Koresh had a hold over them. The FBI filmed Kathy's emotional reunion with her three year old son and sent the tape into the compound, hopeful it might inspire others to surrender. Another Branch Davidian left the Same day, a 19 year old Australian man named Oliver Giraffus. Steve Schneider informed negotiators that a few more were planning to leave the next day. But later that night, siege commander Jeff Jemmar ordered that the compound's electricity be switched off again to prove to the Branch Davidians that the FBI controlled their earthly lives, not David Koresh. This time the power wouldn't be turned back on again. David Koresh and Steve Schneider were furious. They told the FBI negotiators that turning off the power had been an act of bad faith. Privately, the negotiators agreed with them. It seemed highly unlikely that more Branch Davidians were going to leave. Steve said that their people were freezing cold. He again accused the government of wanting to kill them all and then burn the building down. From the negotiators perspectives, it felt as though whenever they were making incremental progress, the HRT took an aggressive approach that undermined their hard work. As far as the HRT was concerned, the negotiators themselves seemed to have been taken hostage by the Branch Davidians. Their progress seemed painfully slow to the tactical unit, who were accustomed to wrapping things up within a couple of days. Described by an analyst who worked with the FBI as testosterone driven, the HRT agents believed decisive action could likely draw the standoff to a close quite swiftly. Frustration grew to such a point that one member of the HRT graffitied an outhouse they were using with the words Sage is a Davidian in reference to negotiator Byron Sage. Although the power in the compound had been cut off, the phone line remained open and the negotiators continued trying different tactics. They had Kathy Schroeder call in to speak to her fellow church members. She reassured the Branch Davidians that the FBI was treating her well and hadn't charged her with anything. They'd only asked general questions and had been super. This didn't have the desired effect, with both Koresh and Steve Schneider becoming upset with Kathy for not being a spokesperson for them. One of the FBI's hidden microphones picked up someone in the compound stating, kathy sounds like she's becoming one of them. After that, the FBI established a modified strategy. The negotiators would remain friendly and courteous, but would take a firmer approach. They would continue to discuss finding a way to a peaceful resolution with the Branch Davidians, but would no longer listen to any more Bible babble. On Monday, March 15, Koresh's two right hand men, Steve Schneider and Wayne Martin, agreed to meet with negotiator Byron sage and the McLennan County Sheriff in person. The four met on the grounds of Mount Carmel, about 20 yards from the front doors. All were putting themselves in a dangerous situation. Byron Sage was terrified that someone from inside the compound might seize the moment to fire on him or the sheriff. Meanwhile, some members of the HRT were found fighting the urge to grab Steve and Wayne and arrest them. As they stood there unarmed, their instincts to jump into action were only assuaged by directions from FBI leadership to leave the men alone. Byron Sage spoke mostly to Steve, who was calm and made strong eye contact. Wayne Martin seemed nervous. Dressed in a three piece suit and fidgeting, Sage looked Steve directly in the eyes and reassured him that he would give his life to protect two documents, the US Constitution and the Bible. That was why he was meeting with them, to come to a peaceful resolution. Steve responded positively to this, telling Sage that he believed him completely and would do all that he could to conclude the siege. Though he and Wayne repeatedly made it clear that Koresh would always have the final say, Steve Schneider and Byron Sage agreed to meet again the following day. When Steve went back into the compound, he told Koresh how much he liked and trusted Sage. That night, Jeff Jamar ordered combat engineer vehicles to clear everything within 50 yards of the Mount Carmel building. They crushed cars that belonged to Branch Davidians and were parked around the property. This would prevent any Branch Davidians from using the vehicles as cover if they decided to run out of the building guns blazing. This was perceived as a hostile act and again inflamed tempers inside Mount Carmel. Steve Schneider refused to meet with negotiators again. The following day, and he and Koresh argued with Byron Sage over the phone. Are you going to kill me? Koresh asked. No, sage replied before the call ended abruptly. Deciding they needed to speak to wall Branch Davidians more directly, the negotiators began broadcasting messages over a loudspeaker system the FBI had set up outside the compound. This would allow everyone inside the compound to hear them. They broadcast tapes recorded by Branch Davidians who'd left the siege. These upbeat recordings featured positive messages about their interactions with law enforcement. The negotiators also arranged for a package full of documents to be dropped off at the compound, including letters from attorneys willing to represent Koresh and others, a letter from the Christian Broadcasting Network, and an audiotape from a theologian who'd listened to Koresh's sermons. These tactics seemed to work, with Koresh saying that more people would soon be coming out and they would eventually be followed by everyone else. Over the next few days, nine adults left the compound, including Sheila Martin, the wife of Wayne Martin. Sheila was allowed to call her husband in the compound, telling him everything went well. The ride was bumpy. Wayne gave a reply that the FBI considered cryptic. It could be bumpy later, too. The negotiators were encouraged by the steady stream of surrenders. They urged Steve to send out more people, but he said he couldn't as Koresh was sleeping and had to be consulted before anyone else could leave. However, everything seemed to indicate that everyone would be out soon. At around the same time, Chief negotiator Gary Nasner learnt of a plan that would take the standoff into a whole new phase.

Byron Sage (35:31)

Foreign.

Narrator (35:36)

Casefile will be back shortly. Thank you for supporting us by listening to this episode's sponsors. Thank you for listening to this episode's ads. By supporting our sponsors, you support Casefile to continue to deliver quality content. FBI Special Agent in charge Dick Schwein had recently arrived from the Texas city of El Paso to assist Jeff Jamar and other leaders. SAC Dick Schwein wore a dark blue SWAT style uniform where the other SACs typically wore civilian clothing. Chief negotiator Gary Nasner would later describe SAC Schwein as a caricature of the gung ho type. He seemed surprisingly cavalier and flippant about the process. Once I heard him say in passing, no use trying to talk to these bastards. We've just gotta go in there and cut their balls off. On the same day that Steve Schneider said he had to wait for Koresh to wake before releasing any more people, Gary Nessner learnt of A plan Sac Schwein had proposed. He wanted to use the loudspeakers to broadcast music into the compound. According to Nasner, this was an idea that Sac Schwein had gotten from his time serving in the U.S. army. During the invasion of Panama, American soldiers had tormented military dictator General Manuel Noriega with loud recordings in an effort to force him out of hiding. Gary Nesner discouraged Jeff Jamar from implementing such a plan. He pointed out that music was not a recommended negotiation tactic and was not something taught by the FBI. They were just starting to make real progress with the Branch Davidians, and this approach would likely derail that. Plus, the loud music tactic hadn't actually worked in Panama. Jeff Jamar assured Nessner that he would speak to Sac Schwein that evening when he came on duty and make sure the tapes weren't played. In his memoir, Stalling for Time, Nessner describes how he headed back to the motel where he was staying close to midnight, exhausted but reassured that things were working out. After taking a shower, he turned on the television. There, on the news, covered live, was the Davidian compound, brightly illuminated with torturous sounds blaring over speakers. The HRT blasted various songs, including Nancy Sinatra's these Boots Are Made for Walking Across Mount Carmel, along with some deep Tibetan chants. At the same time, bright floodlights were beamed across the property into the building's windows, making it impossible for people inside to sleep. Embarrassed on behalf of the FBI and furious that his advice had been ignored, Gary Nesner called the command post to speak to Jeff Jamar, only to find he'd left for the evening. At 11:35pm Steve Schneider passed on an angry message from David Koresh. Because of the loud music. Nobody is coming out. The music eventually stopped, but only because the loudspeaker system malfunctioned. Gary Nessner raised the matter with Jeff Jamar first thing in the morning. Jamar explained that he'd forgotten to tell Sac Schwein not to play the tapes, but promised that it wouldn't happen again. That night, the tapes were played again. Included alongside the music and chanting were the sounds of rabbits screaming as they died, recordings typically used by hunters to attract coyotes. There were also screaming seagulls, crying babies, buzzing drills, droning bagpipes, and other sounds selected for their abrasiveness. Gary Nessner again tried to put a stop to this tactic, but Jeff Jamar seemed unbothered, telling Nessner that Schwein had nothing better to do. On the night shift, David Koresh and his band fought back against the ongoing intrusion by setting up their own generator powered amps and playing loud rock songs for hours in the direction of the FBI. The Branch Davidian speakers were so powerful that agents had to shout at one another to be heard. Gary Nessner, Byron Sage and the other negotiators tried to explain to the Branch Davidians that the tactical team was to blame for the ongoing harassment. But the damage was done. People inside the compound were exhausted and sleep deprived. Steve also told the negotiators that the agents who were standing guard around the compound were harassing them in other ways by mooning them and flipping them off. If Branch Davidians walked outside to stand in the courtyard or other external areas, FBI agents would toss flashbangs in their direction. This perceived hostility meant that no one inside Mount Carmel had any intention of surrendering. Byron Sage suspected that even if some of the Branch Davidians were desperate to leave, their loyalty to David Koresh prevented them from doing so. Koresh was clearly a highly charismatic individual. His exceptional knowledge of the Bible and his interpretations of scripture had won many people over, and they wholeheartedly believed in his teachings. Their loyalty was clearly evident in the way that followers had submitted to Koresh's insistence that other men in the group be celibate and all women be his spiritual wives. Koresh repeatedly said that his people were free to leave at any time. But Sage knew that before anyone inside the compound could do so, they had to complete an exit interview with Koresh. He always made sure to tell them that they could do as they pleased, but it would mean leaving their external salvation behind and giving themselves over to Babylon. On the Evening of Monday, March 22, the FBI delivered another offer to David Koresh in writing. If everyone inside the compound was out by noon the following day, it said, Koresh could make a worldwide broadcast on the Christian Broadcast Network and would be permitted to maintain contact following his arrest. He could even continue holding religious services. Koresh responded by telling the negotiators that he had thrown the letter away. Just after 10am the next morning, a 34 year old British Branch Davidian named Livingston Fagan was sent out of the compound by Koresh to provide a counterpoint to the agency's narratives about the group. But before he could attempt to address the media, Livingstone was arrested and taken to a local jail. Late that night, the FBI continued their strategy of blasting high powered beams into the compound while simultaneously broadcasting Tibetan chants, Christmas carols and recordings of previous negotiations. This proved just as ineffective as before. Chief negotiator Gary Nesner continued to voice his displeasure at this approach, and on Wednesday, March 24, he was removed from his role. It would later emerge that the HRT leader had complained that Nesner was impeding the tactical team's more aggressive efforts. In his memoir, Stalling for Time, Nestner later the real story was that with the FBI seemingly helpless to compel the Davidians to surrender, siege commander Jeff Jamar was feeling the heat. The entire nation was watching and the FBI was spending about $128,000 a day venting my frustrations more strongly than before. I told him that I didn't think we would get anyone else out after these recent actions. He appeared unconcerned. I realised then that he had already determined what he was going to do. Gary Nesner was replaced by Clint Van Zant, a former member of the negotiation unit. Nessner was concerned by this choice. Knowing that Van Zant was a vocal born again Christian, Nessner worried that this would lead to Van Zant getting into arguments with Koresh about biblical scripture. Sure enough, this concern proved warranted, with Vanzant spending hours on the phone with Koresh trying to persuade him that his interpretation of the Bible was wrong. Various negotiators on the team later confided in Nesna that they had been frustrated by this approach. After Nesner's exit, there were repeated attempts at negotiations and long conversations between Branch Davidians and FBI negotiators, all to no avail. Progress had completely stalled. Morale inside the compound was low. By this point, they'd been without electricity for weeks, relying on Coleman lanterns, kerosene and propane for light and heat. Their water supplies were depleting due to some of the outdoor receptacles having been shot at during the ATF raid. Branch Davidians limited themselves to one or two 8 ounce drinks per day, essentially one or two cups of water. People were no longer bathing and sanitary conditions were deteriorating. Buckets were used instead of flushing toilets. Food had to be rationed, with everyone receiving two ready to eat meals per day. Branch Davidian David Thibodeau later wrote, the prepackaged rations of spaghetti and meatballs or tuna casserole taste like mud when eaten, cold slime when warmed. Over our lanterns, we freeze in the chilly winter prairie wind that rattles our broken windows and whistles through the building's thin sheetrock walls. Contact with the outside world had been almost entirely cut off, with all messages relayed or filtered through the FBI. Branch Davidians expressed their frustration by hanging more homemade banners out of their windows. With messages like FBI broke Negotiation, we Want Press and Rodney King. We understand a reference to the African American man whose brutal beating by police led to the LA riots two years earlier. There were supporters and sympathisers trying to make contact with them. J. Philip Arnold and James Tabor, two biblical scholars who'd been following the case since the botched ATF raid on February 28, travelled to Waco to offer the FBI assistance in communicating with the Branch Davidians. They understood Koresh's preaching about the Seven Seals and realized that he was a true believer, not a con artist, as many in law enforcement seemed to believe. His faith and that of his followers had to be taken into account when speaking to them. But when they tried to convey this to the FBI, Arnold and Tabor were turned away. They kept trying over the ensuing days and weeks, and both were subsequently interviewed about the ongoing siege by a Dallas radio station. They critiqued media coverage that had depicted Karash as just kind of a crazy man who rambles, pointing out that he knew the Bible well and his teachings were a logical way of interpreting it. The two scholars worried that the longer the siege dragged on, the higher the likelihood that it would end tragically. As far as they were concerned, the government's actions were only serving to reinforce the Branch Davidians apocalyptic belief system. The atf, and now the FBI, had created a situation that would look to them like persecution from external forces in a kind of holy war. The scholars made a particular point of addressing Koresh's teachings about the Seven Seals, which they identified as being particularly important. Koresh's preaching over the previous weeks had made it clear that he believed the fifth Seal had been opened when the ATF had attempted to raid his compound. He had phoned a radio station on the night of February 28 and told the station manager, we are now in the fifth Seal. The station manager hadn't understood what he'd meant, but Arnold and Tabor knew exactly what it signified. In the Book of Revelation. When the Fifth Seal is opened, its writer, John, sees the souls of martyred Christians who were persecuted and killed due to their loyalty to God. The souls cry out, asking how long it will be until justice is done. God tells them to wait a little longer, until more of God's plan unfolds. Koresh, however, interpreted the Fifth Seal as pertaining specifically to his followers. The Christians crying out were the Branch Davidians killed during the ATF raid, And now they were in their waiting season, pausing until God revealed what the next step was. From Koresh's perspective, surrendering early would mean disobeying God. Arnold and Tabor addressed the fifth Seal at length in their second radio interview, encouraging Koresh to wait as long as he needed, while pointing out that he didn't have to remain at Mount Carmel to do so. Paul, the most famous of Jesus apostles, had continued his ministry after being imprisoned. Koresh could surrender peacefully, and it wouldn't mean he was betraying God. It might actually expand his influence and audience. They cited a passage in Revelation that instructed its narrator to prophesy again before many peoples and nations, something Koresh couldn't do as long as he was holed up inside his compound. As they didn't know whether or not Koresh and his followers would have heard the radio interview, Arnold and Tabor obtained a taped copy of it and began thinking of a way to send it in to Mount Carmel. Another person eager to make contact with Koresh was an attorney retained by Koresh's mother 10 days into the siege. Dick Daguen was a renowned Texas criminal defence lawyer who would go on to defend some of the state's most infamous cases. Daguerrean drove with Koresh's mother to Waco and attempted to enter Mount Carmel, but was blocked at a checkpoint. After petitioning both the courts and the FBI, Daguerran was finally permitted to visit Koresh on Monday, March 29, just over a month into the siege. He rode up to the compound in an armoured Bradley vehicle driven by an FBI agent. They stopped about 100 yards from the building's entrance and Dagarin walked to the front door, where he was met by Steve Schneider and Wayne Martin. David Koresh emerged from behind them, bandaged and walking slowly. Koresh told Daguerran his version of events about what unfolded on February 28, and Daguerrein reassured him that if the ATF used excessive force without provocation, and the Branch Davidians fall back, quote, that's self defence. Texas law is really clear on that. Daguerran took a look around the rest of the building and spoke with other Branch Davidians. He noticed a strong smell of sewage as well as garlic, which the injured group members were using to treat their wounds. Dagarin stayed for two hours and returned several more times over the next few days to meet with his client. When the media reported that Daguerran was representing Koresh, J. Philip Arnold and James Tabor, the two biblical scholars eager to share their message with Koresh, decided to reach out to him. They managed to get the tape to Dagarin, who agreed to take it to the Branch Davidians compound on Sunday, April 4. Koresh and his followers sat in the dining hall as Dagarin played the tape aloud. The room was silent as everybody listened. Although they didn't believe the scholars were as knowledgeable as David Koresh, they were positive about their message and felt a new sense of hope. Koresh did as well, wondering if perhaps this recording was the message from God he'd been waiting for. He couldn't provide specifics just yet, but he informed his lawyer that he and all of his followers would surrender after Passover, an eight day Jewish holiday that the Branch Davidians observed in 1993. It began on the following day of Monday, April 4, and concluded a week later, on Tuesday, April 13. It seemed like the siege might finally be drawing to a close. The next couple of days saw little communication from those within the compound. Outside, the FBI continued to make noise as they played loud music and unpleasant sounds over the loudspeakers. They refused to stop even when Steve Schneider called and threatened to cut off communication permanently on Tuesday, April 6th. Steve also clarified that the Branch Davidians dates for Passover were slight, slightly different to those typically observed. They would begin Passover that day at sundown and observe it for the next seven days. When the FBI asked if that meant they'd be coming out on the eighth day, Steve Schneider said no. Koresh was still waiting for God to tell him a date. They had said they'd leave after Passover, not immediately after. David Koresh confirmed these dates the next day, and when asked if he would come out after that, he didn't answer, instead embarking on a long religious sermon. The negotiators phoned the compound repeatedly over the next few days, but most of their calls went unanswered. On Friday, April 9th, Steve Schneider sent something out of the compound for FBI negotiators to read. It was a letter dictated by David Koresh to Steve's wife Judy, who'd typed it up despite her injured hand. It opened with the words, friends, I offer to you my wisdom. I offer to you my sealed secrets. How dare you turn away from my invitations of mercy? I know your sins and inequities. None are hid from me. When will you ever fear and be wise? Your only saviour is my truth. My truth is the seven seals. It had been written from the perspective of God, as though Koresh had channelled the letter from a higher source. The letter ended by advising, learn from David my seals, or as you have said, bear the consequences. I forewarn you. The Lake Waco area of Old Mount Carmel will be terribly shaken the waters of the lake will be emptied through the broken dam. The heavens are calling you to judgment. Please consider these tokens of grave concern. Yahweh Koresh. The FBI interpreted this final paragraph as threatening to blow up the lake Waco damage, though it was unclear how he would do this while holed up in Mount Carmel. Two more letters were sent out the next day, riddled with scriptural passages and more prophecies. On the night of Tuesday, April 13, Dick Dagarin decided to call into the compound. As Koresh's lawyer, he could circumvent the blocks other outsiders faced the branch Davidians. Passover was concluding the following day, and Gagarin wanted to see what Koresh was thinking. Would he be coming out soon as everybody hoped? Steve Schneider told Dagarin that Koresh couldn't come to the phone as he was writing another letter. It was sent out the next day and was addressed to Dagarin. It read, hello, Dick. As far as our progress is concerned, here is where we stand. I have related two messages from God to the FBI, one of which concerns present danger to people here in Waco. I was shown a fault line running through the lake Waco area. An angel is standing in charge of this event. Many people here in Waco know that we are a good people, and yet they have shown the same resentful spirit of indifference to our warnings of love. I am presently being permitted to document in structured form the decoded messages of the seven seals. Upon the completion of this task, I will be freed from my waiting period. I hope to finish this as soon as possible and to stand before man to answer any and all questions regarding my actions. Koresh went on at some length sharing his desire for people to be saved and describing what he saw as his destiny to share the truth. He concluded the letter by again prophesying that an earthquake would hit Waco and shake some sense into the people before adding what he planned to do with his finished manuscript. I will demand that the first manuscript of the seals be given to you. Many scholars and religious leaders will wish to have copies for examination. I will keep a copy with me as soon as I can. See that people like Jim Tabor and Phil Arnold have a copy, I will come out and then you can do your thing with this beast. We are standing on the threshold of great events. The seven seals in written form are the most sacred information ever. Koresh speculated that it would take him about one or two days to write about each of the seals, adding up to two weeks maximum until he was finished. After they were done. He and everyone else would definitely surrender, and Koresh would be willingly taken into custody at the county jail. As word spread through the compound that they would finally be leaving within the next two weeks, the mood lifted considerably and people felt a renewed sense of hope. They removed the previous banners they'd hung outside the windows and replaced them with new ones that had more positive messages. We come to love, not war, and let's have a beer when this is over. While many of them accepted that they would be incarcerated upon leaving, at least they'd no longer have to ration food or go without showers. They also knew how significant it was that David Koresh was writing a manuscript. Although he was an adept preacher, he'd never written his teachings down. Aside from notes he'd scribbled in his Bible, he had long said his message could not and should not be written down until God gave permission. It seemed the long awaited moment had finally come. Koresh dictated to Steve Schneider, who recorded him while also editing Koresh's words for grammatical errors. Then two other Branch Davidians typed up Steve's transcription on a computer powered by their ever depleting generator. Progress was going well, and everyone was optimistic. By the end of Friday, April 16, Koresh had finished writing about the first seal. His anticipated schedule was on track. On the outside, FBI leaders were having their own conversations. As far as they were concerned, Koresh had proved that he wasn't to be trusted on Tuesday, March 2, when he reneged on their surrender agreement. From their perspective, he had been incalcitrant and avoidant ever since. He often avoided speaking to negotiators for days at a time and wouldn't listen when they finally got a hold of him. He'd agreed to come out after Passover, and now he was talking about a manuscript. They suspected this was just another delay tactic, even though Steve Schneider was offering to send out recordings of Koresh's progress. The siege had been dragging on for 48 days, and everyone was over it. While law enforcement officers assigned to the standoff weren't as confined or deprived as the Branch Davidians, they were struggling, too. They were living in motels away from their families and subsisting on fast food like pizza. The days were long, with 12 hour shifts that were often extremely boring. The HRT agents were especially restless. They were often tasked with delivering goods like milk and medical supplies to Mount Carmel, going right up to the doors where four other federal agents had been killed. Knowing the occupants inside were armed and responsible for their deaths agitated them further because they were Used to charging in rather than holding back, the HRT had actually submitted a proposed action plan to FBI headquarters in Washington D.C. more than a month earlier, on Wednesday, March 10th. They'd suggested that they surround the compound with armoured tanks under cover of darkness, then demand the surrender of occupants and if necessary, employ non lethal tear gas to force the Branch Davidians out. The negotiators advised against using tear gas to clear the compound unless the Branch Davidians continued to resist all efforts to negotiate. Because people had continued to surrender over the ensuing weeks and gradual progress was seemingly being made, the teargas proposal was shelved. By April, however, it was back on the table. Siege commander Jeff Jemmar wanted stronger action taken and negotiator Byron Sage also signed off on a proposal to use tear gas. The siege was just dragging on too long and a child hadn't been released since one week in. In order for tear gas to be used, the US Attorney General would have to agree. As the nation's chief law enforcement officer and head of the Department of Justice, Janet Reno was the newly appointed Attorney General, having only been sworn in on March 12 after being nominated by the recently elected President, Bill Clinton. Reno had worked as a prosecutor in Florida, where she developed a reputation for being a staunch advocate for children's rights. There were 62 adults and more than 20 children still holed up inside Mount Carmel, and the thought of releasing tear gas into a building with so many children did not sit well with Reno. What if the Branch Davidians took to using their kids as shields in the face of such an action? Reno also worried that the gas might permanently damage the children. On Monday, April 12, she rejected the plan, finding it too aggressive. But the FBI persisted, pushing back against her decision by claiming the Branch Davidians had enough water to hold out indefinitely and a tactical response was necessary. Reno was assured in a 78 page briefing book that the gas was safe. Experience with the effects on children, including infants, has been extensively investigated. Available reports indicate that even in high concentrations or enclosed areas, long term complications are extremely rare. If there was any indication that Branch Davidians were using children as human shields, the FBI would back off immediately. An FBI agent also told her that children were currently being abused within the compound. There was no evidence that children were being physically or sexually abused during the standoff, though historical evidence indicated girls had been sexually abused by David Koresh and corporal punishment was used when children misbehaved. Finally, the FBI director, William Sessions, called Janet Reno and asked her to reconsider. She did. On Saturday, April 17, Reno gave her approval for the tear gas to be used, directing that it be put into effect on Monday, April 19. Casefile will be back shortly. Thank you for supporting us by listening to this episode's sponsors. Thank you for listening to this episode's ads. By supporting our sponsors. You support Casefile to continue to deliver quality content. The gas the FBI proposed using was a white powder called 2 chlorobenzyl malonitrile, more commonly known as CS gas. It would be mixed with a solvent and delivered via armoured vehicles, which would breach the compound's walls and inject the gas inside. While CS gas is considered less than lethal, contact with it results in eye, skin and respiratory irritation, with coughing fits lasting up to 20 minutes. If used in confined spaces at close range and against people with underlying health conditions, it can kill Some studies have indicated that large amounts of CS gas can be combustible. As the FBI didn't intend to use an excessive amount of gas, they didn't anticipate any overly severe results. Over 48 hours, they would gradually increase the levels being inserted into the compound until those inside were compelled to leave. That was Plan A. If the Branch Davidians responded to the gas by arming themselves and shooting at the FBI, they would implement Plan B, saturating the building with CS to force an immediate exit. The FBI felt confident that wouldn't happen. However, their large tanks would provide protection and would surely be too intimidating to fire at. At 1:53pm on Sunday, April 18, the FBI sent in armored vehicles to clear the remaining Branch Davidian cars from Mount Carmel to prepare the area for the following day's operation. One of the vehicles removed was David Koresh's own Chevrolet Camaro. This prompted Koresh to pause his work on his manuscript and call the negotiator team to complain. Branch Davidians gathered in the compound's windows to look out as the tanks did their work. Some held up children. One HRT sniper noticed a cardboard sign that had been propped up in one of the windows. Flames Await. At 5:59am on Monday, April 19, just as dawn was breaking Branch Davidian David Thibodeau was woken by the shrill ringing of the telephone. He answered it and an FBI agent on the other end demanded to speak to Steve Schneider. David went to wake Steve, but as he was doing so, another Branch Davidian alerted them that something was going on outside. They went to a window and saw a formation of large demolition tanks had formed a ring around the compound in the grey early morning light. At the same time, negotiator Byron Sage announced over the FBI's loudspeakers the siege is over. We're going to put tear gas into the building. David and Stephen, lead your people out of there. At 6:02am, two of the tanks approached the compound's windows and injected CS gas via spray nozzles that had been attached to their booms. The Branch Davidians stared at one another in shock as Byron Sage's voice continued to echo. This is not an assault. The tear gas is harmless, but it will make your environment uninhabitable. Eventually, it will soak into your food and clothing. You are under arrest. Come out with your hands up. Steve Schneider instructed the others to grab their gas masks, which they had purchased in bulk at a gun show. David Thibodeau ran from room to room, waking people and raising the alarm. The scene was soon chaotic, with individuals bumping into each other as they dashed about and and children crying. Many of the women and children headed towards a tunnel that led to an old school bus half buried in the ground. But the opening minutes of the assault had knocked loose debris blocking their path. They turned around and made their way to a concrete walk in cooler at the base of the residential tower, once used as a pantry, but now the compound's gun room. As all of the gas masks were designed for adults, none fit the children. The women dipped rags and towels into buckets of water and used them to cover their children's faces. Byron Sage could still be heard over the loudspeakers repeating the words, Come out with your hands up. There will be no shooting. This is not an assault. Outside, the FBI heard metallic clinking sounds emanating from listening devices they'd smuggled into the compound. This led them to believe that the Branch Davidians were arming up. At 6:04am, two minutes after the tear gas was inserted, gunshots came from the direction of the compound, firing at the FBI's tanks. Byron Sage later said that the tank positioned by the compound's front doors looked as though it was lit up with sparklers due to the rounds bouncing off it. This led to an immediate abandonment of the agency's Plan A and A switch to Plan B. The FBI was now authorised to flood the entire building with gas. David Thibodeau was still racing through the building, checking the women's quarters for anyone who might not have heard the message, when he heard an enormous crashing sound reverberate through the building. Two tanks had driven up to the dormitory side of the compound and their steel claws were being used to tear chunks out of the wall. The flimsy building shook violently and David saw a powdery cloud billow inside, accompanied by a hissing sound. Small gas canisters were simultaneously lobbed through the windows, shattering the glass and adding to the fumes. One canister hit a Branch Davidian directly in the head, causing him to drop unconscious to the floor. Protected by his gas mask, David Thibodeau ran towards the building's chapel where some people had taken shelter. Describing the mask as feeling like a hand squeezing your face, he had to resist the urge to tear it off. He saw at least one person without a mask who had tears streaming down his face and was almost screaming in agony. Those hiding in the chapel soon found their refuge. Targeted as a tank knocked against the eastern wall, its boom poked through the hole it created and deposited more gas, sending those inside scuttling towards the opposite corner. While the gas masks protected the Branch Davidians respiratory systems, they couldn't protect their skin. Some received blisters from the gas, with one describing his hands as having burns like battery acid. Tears streamed down their faces from the pain. Messages continued droning over the loudspeaker. We are not entering the building, David. This will not come to an end until you are all out of the building. We are ready to meet you and provide appropriate medical attention. By 6:55am the firing at the FBI's tanks had stopped. The FBI hadn't fired back, but no one had emerged from the compound. At one point, someone had tossed the building's telephone outside the front door. But that was it. The FBI continued on with Plan B. By 7:09am they had used up almost their entire supply of 400 ferret round canisters and issued a request to local law enforcement agencies to send more. Another hour went by with no one emerging from the compound. Byron Sage again encouraged the Branch Davidians to come out, directing them to walk down the driveway and surrender to the guys in the Bradleys. We don't want to hurt anyone. Inside the chapel, as waves of gas permeated the air, people quietly read their Bibles or listened to to radio broadcasts. The media had already picked up that something serious was underway at Mount Carmel. Ron Engelman, a Dallas based radio presenter who was highly sympathetic to the Branch Davidians, spoke of his horror at the US Government's actions while begging the Branch Davidians to come out for their own sakes. Some heard his message but didn't heed his advice, scared that if they exited the building, they'd be shot. David Koresh, wearing a gas mask, split his time between still working on his manuscript and checking in on his followers. At 9:47am Someone from inside the compound ducked out quickly to retrieve the phone thrown outside, shouting David's transcript is almost complete. But the telephone line had been cut off by one of the tanks and the phone was useless. Some Branch Davidians hung out a banner that read, we want our phone fixed. The FBI tried to reconnect the phone but couldn't. They continued issuing commands over the loudspeaker every 10 minutes. Fierce winds blowing 31 mph gusted into the compound from outside, whipping up the heavy clouds of gas. Earlier that morning, the weather service had issued a wind advisory for Waco, which the FBI had ignored. Now it was dispersing the gas they'd deposited. In response to this, the FBI pushed their tanks further into the compound in an attempt to corral the branch Davidians. At 10am the tanks began crashing against the building's exterior walls, crumbling them and causing the door to the cooler room, where most of the women and children were hiding, to dislodge. The women had shut the door to prevent gas from leaking in, but it began to flood their shelter. At the same time, the roof above caved in along with parts of the walls, pinning some women and children to the ground and killing others. Branch Davidians in other parts of the compound were oblivious to the damage below. They raced from room to room, trying to dodge the walls that were caving in around them. A thick layer of dust from the gas coated every surface inside. Just after 11am Byron Sage announced. David. Steve, we're still here. So are you. We're placing tear gas and will continue to do so. You are prolonging the inevitable. Your word has been hollow and false. We want you to exit now and submit yourself to proper authorities. There was no response from inside the compound. The tanks demolished more parts of the building, knocking down the gymnasium behind the chapel. Stairways were broken, which trapped some Branch Davidians on the upper levels, finally managing to reconnect the phone line. The FBI tried calling, but nobody answered. The listening devices were still picking up parts of conversations and human movement inside, reassuring the FBI that people were alive. But they suddenly ceased working after being damaged by falling debris. Just after noon, David Thibodeau suddenly heard somebody shout, fire. Flames had broken out almost simultaneously in three different sections of the building. David looked around for an escape route and saw one path was blocked by a timber beam. Climbing up to the upper level, he saw fireballs shooting down the corridor, forcing him to retreat back downstairs. The chapel was now entirely engulfed in Flames. David Thibodeau saw people huddled in a corner, trying to avoid the thick smoke. Within minutes of the fire first being noticed, more flames had erupted all throughout the compound. The entire building was ablaze and enormous plumes of black smoke emanated from the compound, visible from 10 miles away. At 12:12pm, Byron Sage urgently requested that David Koresh lead his people out to safety. One minute later, the FBI called for assistance from the local fire department. They had no equipment at the ready to fight such an immense blaze. At 12:25pm, FBI agents heard gunshots ringing out from inside the compound. When firefighters arrived 10 minutes later, they were held back at a perimeter out of concern they may be shot. While FBI agents were fearing gunfire, some people inside Mount Carmel were too scared to attempt an escape. For the same reason, at least one individual decided not to jump from a window out of fear government agents would shoot him. Two men escaped out the back door to the cafeteria, only to be struck by FBI tanks. One lost a leg. The other's torso was torn open. David Thibodeau crawled on his hands and knees, following two other Branch Davidians who were headed towards a hole on the chapel's east side. They managed to stagger outside away from the blaze and made their way towards a Red Cross sign positioned about 50 yards away. In total, nine Branch Davidians managed to escape the burning compound. Most escaped between 12:20 and 12:30pm by crawling through the same hole as David Thibodeau or through another gap in the front of the compound. A man jumped from the second floor roof while a woman leapt from a second floor window covered in burns. Another woman ran out, but upon seeing the FBI tanks outside, turned around and raced back inside the burning building. A HRT agent saw her, left his armoured vehicle and pursued the woman, pulling her back to safety as she fought against him. FBI agents intercepted the survivors, forcing them to lie in a row on the ground and restraining their hands behind their back. One agent demanded to know, where are the women and children? At 12:41pm, firefighters finally started battling the blaze. Believing the women and children were most likely hiding in the buried bus or the tunnels that led to it, some HRT agents raced towards the compound, which was still burning. Explosions occasionally went off as the huge amount of ammunition stockpiled by the Branch Davidians caught fire. Making their way into some of the tunnels and eventually the bus itself, HRT agents found them to be cool and undamaged. In a state of shock, negotiator Byron Sage approached the site and asked his colleagues, where are the kids. As he learnt that no one had been found in the location where they'd been expected to hide, the horrifying realisation dawned that all of the children had been consumed by the inferno. It had been fast and deadly, engulfing the entire flimsy building within 10 to 30 minutes. By 12.30pm, the roof had collapsed and two minutes later the compound was effectively gone. At 12.55pm, the flames began to die down due to a lack of material left to burn. It was a day before parts of the site had cooled down enough to permit an examination of the wreckage, and a week before everything could be properly searched. The Texas Rangers took command of the compound to undertake a proper crime scene analysis. An arson team composed of experts from across the United States was tasked with determining the cause of the fire. Amidst the Rubble, they discovered 305 firearms and approximately 1.9 million rounds of cooked off or spent ammunition. By Monday, May 3, two weeks after the fire, the Rangers had also recovered the remains of 76 bodies, 53 adults and 21 children. Two young women, 17 year old Ayesha Gyrefus and 24 year old Nicole Gent had been heavily pregnant when they died and spontaneously gave birth during the assault, adding two more infants to the death toll. Both of these babies had been fathered by David Koresh. All 14 of his children died during the fire. Medical examiners were only able to identify 35 individuals when performing autopsies, leaving 40 unidentified. Eighteen children and nine women were found in the concrete cooler. Most had died of smoke inhalation, while some had been crushed by falling debris. Rachel Koresh, David Koresh's wife, had been amongst these victims, as was her younger sister, Michelle Jones and Steve Schneider's wife Judy. Their children died alongside them. Three women and four children in the bunker, including one infant, had died from gunshot wounds to the head and chest, seemingly in mercy killings. A boy around 2 or 3 years old was killed by a stab wound to his chest. Elsewhere in the compound, smoke inhalation was the leading cause of death, killing 33 people. Nine people died from burns or a combination of burns and smoke inhalation. There were also further victims who had chosen to be shot rather than burn, including six men, three women and one individual whose gender couldn't be determined. The remains of 33 year old David Koresh were recovered in the compound's communications room, the office area where he'd spent hours speaking to negotiators and writing his manuscript. Koresh had been killed by a single gunshot wound to the forehead. Steve Schneider's Body was nearby. He'd been shot in the mouth. An autopsy couldn't confirm whether Koresh had taken his own life or been killed by another. One FBI official speculated that in the final moments at Mount Carmel, Steve had probably realised that he was dealing with a fraud and so murdered Koresh before turning the gun on himself. There is no definitive evidence to prove or disprove this theory. Right from the start of the standoff between federal authorities and the Branch Davidians, the events at Waco had been a massive news story. It was followed closely and reported on constantly by media outlets nationwide as well as overseas. When the siege came to a brutal end on its 51st day, the coverage went into overdrive. The deaths of so many individuals, particularly such a high number of children, led to reporters and commentators expressing shock. Headlines emphasised that this was a tragedy on a scale that felt completely unprecedented. The public echoed these sentiments. The day after the fire, President Bill Clinton spoke about Waco with reporters at the White House. Describing David Koresh as dangerous, irrational and probably insane, he said that the siege and enormous loss of life. Life was not the fault of the government. Four federal agents were killed in the line of duty trying to enforce the law against the Branch Davidian compound, which had illegally stockpiled weaponry and ammunition and placed innocent children at risk. He said Mr. Koresh's response to demands for his surrender by federal agents was to destroy himself and murder the children who were his captives, as well as all the other people who were there who did not survive. President Clinton defended the operation that the FBI had undertaken the previous day, while adding that the Departments of Justice and treasury would be beginning an immediate investigation into what had happened and why Attorney General Janet Reno was called to answer for her decision to approve the use of tear gas. Why hadn't the FBI just waited the Branch Davidians out? Reno spoke to the media about that, repeatedly emphasising that she had approved the plan because she'd received reports that children inside the compound were being physically and sexually abused and was told the situation required urgent action. FBI Director William Sessions distanced himself from these assertions, claiming that he hadn't told Reno any such thing and adding, she's responsible for what she heard. FBI documents, later examined by the PBS program Frontline, revealed that an unnamed agent had in fact made these claims to Reno while the agency was pressuring her to approve the tear gas plan. Another question that needed to be answered was, who started the fire? Almost immediately, the FBI and the Department of Justice accused the Branch Davidians of deliberately starting the fire. Listening devices that they had planted inside the compound had reportedly picked up snippets of incriminating conversations on the morning of the fire, Such as, start the fire, got some fuel around here and did you pour it yet? One person was recorded stating that David koresh had ordered fuel to be poured somewhere within the compound. We should have gotten more hay in here, someone lamented. I know, agreed. Another one survivor would later recall he'd heard someone repeatedly commanding light the fire. The flames had spread quickly due to the poor construction of the building, the strong winds, and the holes in the walls made by FBI tanks, which further vented the blaze. Additionally, there was a large amount of highly combustible materials inside the compound. Not only was the building made from highly flammable materials, but the Branch Davidians stacked hay bales along the walls to provide insulation and protection from external gunfire. While some have theorised that the fire could have started accidentally Due to tanks knocking over lanterns and space heaters, the arson team ultimately concluded that the fire was deliberately set by one or more persons inside the compound. The arson investigation revealed the fire had three points of origin. Fuel containers and other chemical accelerants were found near these points. A report released by the department of justice stated that these locations were notably distant from one another. The almost simultaneous conflagration of the three fires Meant it was not possible for them to be accidental or the result of a single ignition. The first point was on the second floor near the front of the building. The second was on the middle of the first floor in the group's dining room, and the third was also on the first floor, but on the right side in the chapel. If the Branch Davidians did deliberately light the fire, author Jeff Guinn makes clear that this is not a plan everybody would have known about. Even in the best of times, group communication was difficult when everyone was scattered in different parts of the sprawling building. David Koresh might have informed as many followers as possible that the moment had arrived to die in flames and live after wood in glory. But there would still have been dozens who had no idea of what was happening. The government narrative around this theory has been that the Branch Davidians were participating in a mass suicide. But biblical scholar J. Philip Arnold has suggested Koresh might have instead seen the fire as a kind of holy barrier to protect his followers from the FBI. In the bible's book of Zechariah, there is a verse describing how God would save Jerusalem by surrounding the city with an impenetrable wall of fire. This ties to another biblical passage in the Book of Isaiah, a book that Koresh was known to draw heavily upon in his teachings. Chapter 43, verse 2 promises, when you walk through the fire, you will not be burned. The flames will not set you ablaze. Some people have rejected this narrative, instead believing that the FBI was responsible for lighting the fires, either deliberately or inadvertently. Early into the assault, two or three rounds of combustible pyrotechnic tear gas shells were used in an attempt to penetrate a particular corner of the building, though they didn't succeed and were fired hours before the fire started. The FBI initially denied they had been used at all, but photographic and audio evidence proved that they had been. Conspiracy theories cropped up accusing the government of deliberately burning down Mount Carmel. Although there is no evidence of this, many have noted that the agency's actions on Monday, April 19, 1993, did create the situation that led to the inferno and the enormous loss of human life. Moreover, they'd had intelligence about the construction of Mount Carmel and had seen the hay bales and clothing strewn about inside. Essentially, they had known it was a tinderbox, and yet they didn't put together a fire protection plan when submitting their tear gas proposal. They hadn't had firefighting equipment at the ready on April 19th and were completely unprepared when faced with the flames. The fallout of Waco was immense and led to numerous government investigations, inquiries, and reports. Shortly after the fire, the Department of Justice initiated internal reviews of federal actions, including a chronology of how the entire siege unfolded and an evaluation of tactical decisions. While these reports contained no recommendations that FBI agents be disciplined for their actions during the siege, the agency did make some adjustments. Following Waco. A greater emphasis was placed on crisis negotiation over tactical responses as well as interagency cooperation to avoid conflicting approaches from different units. Reflecting on the FBI's approach on April 19, 1993, many years later, one analyst observed that surrounding the compound with tanks while simultaneously imploring people to come out was highly unlikely to work. I've never had a warm, fuzzy feeling running toward a tank. Never in my entire life have I encountered any mother who would let her child held do that. I don't think that the manner in which the tanks came in created any trust. The Department of Treasury, which then oversaw the atf, conducted its own review of the first raid that had triggered the initial loss of life and events that followed. It found that the February 28 raid should not have proceeded. After the ATF lost the element of surprise. ATF Operation Commander Phil Hoinatsky and Operation second in Command Chuck Sarabin were found to have been involved in altering key documents that were essential to the investigation. Both were fired but later appealed and were reinstated on the proviso that they no longer be involved in field operations. Three days before the report was released, the ATF director resigned. Following Waco, the ATF began focusing on the worst of the worst gun law offenders, namely criminal gangs rather than non violent gun owners and dealers. From 1993 to 1996, there were multiple congressional hearings and House Committee reports where members of Congress interrogated law enforcement actions. More investigations followed as public sentiment evolved over time in the immediate aftermath of the siege, most members of the public sided with the government. A CNN poll found that 70% of Americans agreed with the FBI's actions. Within a few months that number had dropped to 50%. By the late 1990s, public opinion had shifted the other way, with the majority of Americans believing the government had started the fire. The widespread scepticism led to political pressure and was a factor in yet another report being commissioned by the Department of Justice. In November 2000, the Danforth Report was released. While it found that there was no conspiracy or cover up surrounding government actions, it did conclude that government employees had mishandled and failed to disclose information specifically about the use of combustible shells four hours before the fire. The report was received well by the FBI, Attorney General Janet Reno, some politicians and much of the mainstream media. But it had its critics. They believed that it depended too heavily on FBI accounts with civil liberties groups calling it software. Former US Attorney General Ramsay Clark, who went on to represent several Branch Davidians and their relatives in a civil suit, was openly scathing stating history will clearly record, I believe that these assaults on the Mount Carmel Church Centre remains the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States. Ramsay Clark wasn't alone in his opinion. The legacy of Waco on the American consciousness and US politics has been enormous. As well as being furious about the huge loss of life, many were angry that the ATF had planned a raid in the first place, considering it an assault on the Branch Davidian's constitutional rights to bear arms and worship freely. Though arguments were made that Koresh was sexually abusing underage girls in the compound, opponents to the raid pointed out child sexual abuse was not within the ATF's jurisdiction. Waco became a catalyst for individuals already mistrustful of the federal government and a symbol of government tyranny and overreach. After the siege ended, there was a notable rise in far right anti government militias. Estimates have suggested that before Waco there were a few dozen of these paramilitary groups throughout the entire United States. By 1995 there were hundreds. Some people made pilgrimages to the Mount Carmel site, which was essentially just an open rubble strewn field. On the morning of Wednesday, April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the Waco Fire, a 26 year old named Timothy McVeigh drove a rented truck to the Alfred P. Mora Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City and parked it out the front. He lit the two minute fuse of a bomb that he'd constructed and mounted in the back of the truck before exiting the vehicle. The bomb detonated at 9:02am destroying the north half of the building. 168 people were killed, including 19 children who were attending a daycare centre on the second floor. 684 others were injured. McVay has claimed he wasn't aware there was a daycare centre in the building. But his co conspirator Terry Nicholls, said they'd both known about it and hadn't cared. They'd chosen to target a government building at the beginning of a workday as an act of vengeance for the Waco and ruby ridge sieges. McVeigh had been enraged about the federal government's actions at Waco and had driven to Mount Carmel during the siege to protest and sell bumper stickers. As someone drawn to white supremacist and white nationalist ideology, McVeigh had little in common with the Branch Davidians, but he was fiercely anti government. As of the release of this episode, the Oklahoma City bombing remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in US history. On the same day that Timothy McVeigh was terrorising Oklahoma City, Clive Doyle, an Australian Branch Davidian who'd survived the blaze, held a memorial service at Mount Carmel. Other survivors attended and planted a grove of crepe myrtle trees along the driveway to honour their dead loved ones. The service was also attended by far right militia members dressed in fatigues. Several of them made anti government speeches. Clive Doyle later told the Chicago Tribune, I didn't want any government bashing. I wanted it to be a solemn occasion. But to be honest, they kind of took over the pulpit. In subsequent interviews Clive repeated his concern that the story of Waco had been co opted by far right and white supremacist groups. A number of surviving Branch Davidians were criminally prosecuted after the siege. Twelve were charged with conspiring to murder federal agents as well as aiding and abetting those murders. They were also charged with unlawfully possessing and using various firearms. One of the 12 negotiated a plea bargain, but the others went to trial. All of the Branch Davidians were acquitted on the murder charges, however, five were convicted of voluntary manslaughter. Others received lesser convictions relating to firearm possession and use and forcibly resisting arrest. Four were acquitted on all charges. Those convicted faced long prison sentences of up to 40 years. These were later reduced on appeal and the last Branch Davidian to be released from prison was British member Livingstone Fagan, who was freed in 2007. A number of survivors have written memoirs about their time following David Koresh, including Mark Brough, David Thibodeau and Clive Doyle. Today, David Thibodeau runs a website called Waco Survivors, which is dedicated to archiving the story of Mount Carmel. Mark Bro rejected Koresh's teachings long before the siege in Waigo, but Clive Doyle remained loyal to his prophet. He became a kind of unofficial spokesperson for the Branch Davidians and was often approached over the years by people who claimed to be the new embodiment of David Koresh. Clive continued living in Waco and held a weekly Bible study with Sheila Martin, the widow of Wayne Martin, until his death in 2022. Today, small communities of Branch Davidians can still be found scattered throughout America and the world. In 1999, a group of volunteers rebuilt the church at Mount Carmel. It still stands and a splinter group worships there under the name the Branch the Lord Our Righteousness. They are led by a former follower named Charles Pace, who left in 1980 and returned after the siege. Pace believes Koresh was a prophet who twisted the Bible's teachings by taking other men's spouses and young girls as his wives. Pace has stated that Koresh was sent by God to commit sin and that he was following God's orders to the very end. The rebuilt chapel at Mount Carmel also operates as a kind of museum about the Waco siege, with anti government posters pinned to the walls alongside photographs of the victims. Elsewhere on the sprawling 77 acres are mobile homes occupied by the new Branch Davidian community and remnants of the original compound. Visitors to the site can see the original building's concrete foundation, the location of the bunker where women and children sheltered, and some crumpled metal remains of the half buried school bus. Green fields surrounding the chapel are dotted with several different memorials etched in stone. There is one dedicated to the founders of the Branch Davidian movement and all of those lost during the 51 day siege. Two other smaller memorials sit side by side commemorating the victims of the Oklahoma City bombings and the four ATF agents killed in the initial raid at Mount Carmel on February 28, 1993, and another marble stone planted firmly in the ground has been carved with words from the Book of Revelation, chapter 6, verses 9 to 10, scripture that describes the opening of the fifth seal. I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held. And they cried with a loud voice, saying, how long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?

Byron Sage (108:57)

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