← Cautionary Tales with Tim Harford
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- [00:06]
Tim Harford
Pushkin.
- [00:09]
Amazon Healthcare Narrator
Sometimes getting better is harder than getting sick. Waiting on hold for an appointment, standing in line at the pharmacy. The whole healthcare system can feel like a headache. Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy are changing that. Get convenient virtual care 247 with Amazon One Medical and have your prescriptions delivered right to your door. With Amazon Pharmacy. No more lines, no more hassles, just affordable fast care. Thanks to Amazon Pharmacy and Amazon One Medical, healthcare just got less painful. Learn more at health.Amazon.com what does it.
- [00:44]
Rachel Botsman
Really mean to trust someone? It's a big question that affects so many areas of our lives. When people gain our trust or break our trust, it matters. I'm Rachel Botzman and I've been studying trust for over 15 years. In my new audiobook, we're going to learn about how trust is earned, how it's lost, and why trusting ourselves is so important. Find how to trust and be trusted at Pushkin FM Audiobooks or at Audible Spotify or wherever you get your audiobooks.
- [01:22]
Tim Harford
58 year old Jean Marshall Brown was sitting in the cabin of a Pan American 747. She ran a travel company in La Mesa, California. She was leading a group of retired Holidaymakers on a 12 day cruise of the Mediterranean. The trip hadn't got off to the best of starts. They'd had to divert to the next island over from where their cruise ship was waiting. But now, at last, they were taxiing down the Runway, ready for the final short leg of their journey when. What on earth was that? Whatever just happened, some passengers near Jean have been killed. Over the next few minutes, the ruptured cabin of the Pan Am plane will be consumed by explosions, smoke and fire. And as Jean sits in her seat, a thought pops into her head.
- [02:16]
Jean Marshall Brown
This is the way it feels to die in an airplane crash.
- [02:21]
Tim Harford
This is the second of our two part series on the Tenerife air disaster of 1976 when two jumbo jets collided on the Runway. It remains the deadliest accident in aviation history. In the previous episode, we asked why the captain of one of those airliners operated by KLM mistakenly believed he'd been cleared to takeoff when the Runway was still blocked by the taxiing Pan Am. We heard how everyone on that KLM plane died in an instant fireball as it clipped the top of the Pan Am, then scudded down down the Runway. But on the Pan Am plane, a lot of people survived the impact. People like Jean Marshall Brown. In this episode, like the previous one, we'll explore a quirk of the human brain. This time we'll look at how the brain works in the moments after disaster strikes. Suddenly and unexpectedly. How would you react? It may not be how you'd hope. Gene sat in her seat. Time passed. It's hard to say how long. The fire caused by the impact grew stronger. Smoke started to fill the cabin, but Jean still didn't move. She just sat and watched. I'm Tim Harford, and you're listening to Cautionary Tales. Pan Am Captain Victor Grubbs and First Officer Robert Bragg have had a frustrating afternoon. They've flown through the night from New York to the Canary Islands. But just before they could land on Gran Canaria, a bomb threat closed the airport. They've had to divert to the tiny airport on the nearby island of Tenerife. When they get there, they discover lots of other planes have been diverted before them, including another 747, the KLM. Its captain has let his passengers disembark to kill time in the terminal, which is now rammed to capacity. Grubbs has to tell his passengers to stay on their plane. He feels bad about that. Most have been on board since California. He decides to invite everyone for a tour of the cockpit and repeats the same apologetic story.
- [05:10]
Captain Victor Grubbs
I asked if we could circle in the air until they were ready, but they insisted we land here.
- [05:16]
Tim Harford
They'd been hanging around for a couple of hours when word came through that Gran Canarias Airport is open. The KLM captain has chosen this moment to start taking on more fuel, and his plane is blocking their way to the Runway. Or could they squeeze past? Captain Grubbs sends Robert Bragg and the flight engineer to pace out the distance. They come back with bad news. The tarmac is just a few feet too narrow. They'd have to put one set of wheels on the grass. But the ground is soft and the plane weighs over 300 tons. They can't risk getting stuck. Grubbs is annoyed. Another delay, and now thick fog is rolling in. Are they going to be able to take off at all? He calls the KLM captain.
- [06:08]
Captain Victor Grubbs
How much longer are you going to be with that refueling?
- [06:12]
Tim Harford
About 20 minutes, comes the reply. At last the fuel trucks depart and the KLM starts to taxi down the Runway. Grubbs is told to follow them and take the third exit to the left. It's so foggy, they take it slowly, just three miles an hour. Looking at an airport map and peering through the window. Was that an exit there? On the radio, Grubbs, Bragg and the flight engineer hear the KLM plane talking to the control tower. Sounds like they've already reached the end of the Runway and turned around.
- [06:46]
Captain Victor Grubbs
We are now at takeoff.
- [06:49]
Tim Harford
Now at takeoff. He'd better not try to take off yet. First Officer Bragg reaches for the radio.
- [06:56]
First Officer Robert Bragg
And we're still taxiing down the Runway. The Clipper 1736.
- [07:01]
Tim Harford
Roger, Papa Alpha.
- [07:03]
Captain Victor Grubbs
1736, report the Runway clear.
- [07:06]
First Officer Robert Bragg
Okay, we'll report when we're clear.
- [07:08]
Tim Harford
So the controller now knows that they're still on the Runway. But the message from the KLM plane has made the mood in the cockpit uneasy. Where is that exit? Let's get the hell out of here, says Grubbs. Bragg and the flight engineer grumble about the KLM captain. He sounds like he's in a hurry now, after he held them up to refuel. The bastard, says one. The prick agrees the other. And now Grubbs says, there he is. Through the Merc Captain Grubbs has seen headlights on the Runway ahead. For a moment he seems to assume the KLM plane must be stationary, waiting at the end of the Runway to be cleared to take off. Perhaps they've missed their exit and got almost to the end of the Runway themselves. Hold on. Are those headlights getting closer? They are. That KLM plane is moving. It's moving quickly. It's heading straight for them.
- [08:09]
Captain Victor Grubbs
Look at him. God damn, that son of a bitch is coming.
- [08:13]
First Officer Robert Bragg
Get off. Get off. Get off.
- [08:17]
Tim Harford
Grubbs and Bragg both yank their controls hard to the left. Grubbs slams the throttle open. It's clear to them both that the KLM plane won't be able to stop. All they can do is try to get their own plane off the Runway. It responds to their controls, but agonizingly, slowly. It weighs over 300 tons after all. It starts a lumbering turn towards the edge of the Runway. Its speed inches up to 19 miles an hour. The first set of wheels, just under the nose, drops off the Runway and onto the grass. Bragg glances out of the window to his right. The KLM plane is right upon them. It's beginning to lift, but not high enough. He sees the red rotating beacon on its undercarriage.
- [09:01]
First Officer Robert Bragg
It's the only time in my life I have ever saw something happening that I could not believe was happening.
- [09:08]
Tim Harford
Instinctively, Bragg and Grubbs close their eyes and duck. The moment of impact feels surprisingly gentle.
- [09:17]
Captain Victor Grubbs
A bump and some shaking.
- [09:20]
First Officer Robert Bragg
It was a very slight impact. Very slight noise like that was about it. It was so minor, it was unbelievable until I opened my eyes.
- [09:31]
Tim Harford
The first thing Bragg sees is the cockpit windows are gone. The next thing he sees is a fire on the wing to his right, he reaches up to pull the levers that will cut off the flow of fuel to the engines. The levers should be right above him on the ceiling. But his hands are grasping at air. He looks up. The levers aren't there, nor is the ceiling. Picture a 747. That hump on the top of the fuselage near the nose. The cockpit's at the front of that hump. Behind it on this plane was the first class lounge. When Bragg looks behind him, the lounge is gone, sheared away completely.
- [10:18]
First Officer Robert Bragg
I could see all the way to the tail of the airplane. Just like someone had taken a big knife and sliced the entire top of the cabin of the airplane off.
- [10:29]
Tim Harford
Captain Grubbs is first to get out of his seat. He turns to look back at where the lounge used to be. It had 28 passengers in it. One, a woman, is lying on what's left of the floor. Grubbs walks over towards her, but before he can get there, the floor collapses under him. First Officer Bragg gets out of his seat. There's now only about a foot foot of floor left behind him in the cockpit. How's he going to get out of the plane? There is one direct way out. It's 38ft down to the ground. He grabs hold of the captain's seat to steady himself and jumps. 396 people were on board that Pan Am flight. 71 made it out, though some later died from their injuries. At the moment of impact, the plane was angled across the Runway, the result of the pilot's attempted left turn. The KLM plane lifted, but not high enough. An engine and landing gear ripped through parts of the Pan Am cabin. The passengers sitting directly in their path, such as those in the first class lounge, never stood a chance. But what about those in other seats who weren't in the way of the engine or the landing gear? Could more of them have made it out alive? Why didn't they? We'll explore how the mind responds to a sudden crisis after the break.
- [12:20]
Amazon Healthcare Narrator
We've all been there. You're sick and you're trying to schedule a doctor's appointment only to spend hours on hold. Then you find yourself crammed into a crowded waiting room with other sick people. And don't get me started about getting your prescriptions. That's a whole other story. Amazon understands. That's why they created Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy, designed to remove these pain points from healthcare. With AmazonOne Medical, you get 24. 7 virtual care so you can see a provider within minutes and avoid those long annoying waits. And with Amazon Pharmacy, your prescriptions are delivered directly to you quickly and affordably. No more trips to the pharmacy and no more surprise costs at the cash register. Thanks to the ease and convenience of Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy Healthcare just got less painful. Learn more@health.Amazon.com Today we are bringing you.
- [13:14]
Trust Course Narrator
A 60 second trust course brought to you by my friend, Rachel Botsman. Rachel is a leading expert on trust and she's the author of the new audiobook how to Trust and Be Trusted. Rachel, would the world be a better place if we all trusted each other more?
- [13:31]
Rachel Botsman
I love that question, Tim. Yes and no is the answer. In our local communities and neighbourhoods, if we could increase trust, if people could learn how to depend on one another and connect face to face, it really could change lives. But in other contexts, say, in the way that we consume information, we actually need to learn how to slow down and make better trust decisions. So it's not always a case of more trust and more of a case of placing our trust well, making smart trust decisions.
- [14:05]
Tim Harford
Thank you very much, Rachel.
- [14:07]
Trust Course Narrator
For more trust lessons like this one, find how to Trust and Be Trusted by Rachel Botsman on Pushkin FM audiobooks or wherever you get your audiobooks.
- [14:22]
Tim Harford
One night in the early 1910s, the Harvard physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon woke up with a flash of inspiration. Cannon was writing a book about how emotions affect the functioning of animals bodies. It was a new field of inquiry and he'd stumbled across it by accident when using the newly discovered technique of X rays to study how digestion works. Cannon experimented on cats. He'd feed them some food mixed with bismuth salts, which show up on X rays. Then he'd tie them down and watch on the fluoroscopic screen as the food travelled down the esophagus into the stomach. The cats, not surprisingly, sometimes took exception to being restrained. They'd cry out and struggle to get free. Cannon noticed something interesting. Whenever a cat got distressed, the movements.
- [15:24]
First Officer Robert Bragg
In the stomach entirely disappeared. I continued stroking the cat reassuringly. She became quiet and began to purr. As soon as this happened, the movements commenced again in the stomach.
- [15:37]
Tim Harford
Cannon was intrigued. The cat's body seemed to be saying, in effect, I can't afford to waste energy on digesting food right now. I've got more important things to worry about. What else changed about how an animal's body functions when it gets upset? Cannon found a whole range of common responses. The pulse quickens, there's a spike in blood sugar, more secretion from the adrenal glands. The book Cannon was writing is called Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. It became a classic due in part to the sudden inspiration that woke him up in the night. A clever form of words to tie together the physiological changes he'd discovered.
- [16:25]
First Officer Robert Bragg
The idea flashed through my mind that they could be nicely integrated if conceived as bodily preparations for supreme effort in flight or in fighting.
- [16:37]
Tim Harford
Fight or flight. It's a great phrase still in common use more than a century later. In terms of evolution, it makes perfect sense. That's what animals typically have to do when they're in mortal peril. Either fight back or run away. We humans too experience that fight or flight suite of bodily changes in moments of sudden stress. But our first response is often not to fight or flee. Cannon's alliteration was incomplete, as we'll hear, he missed out the most common F of in the cabin of pan AM Flight 1736. The passengers haven't heard that ominous radio message from the KLM plane. We're now at takeoff. Most of them haven't been looking out of a right hand window to see the headlights approaching through the fog. As far as they're concerned, this is just a routine taxi down the Runway before a routine flight. They're yawning, chatting, reading, slipping off their shoes, arranging their bags under their seats, when, as in the cockpit, the initial noise doesn't convey the severity of what's just happened. Survivors later liken it to a snapping twig, a swarm of bees passing overhead, or a length of adhesive tape being ripped off. One woman assumes that the shuddering thump must mean that the pilot has veered off the edge of the Runway in the fog. How annoyingly careless of him. No doubt they'll have to queue up now for the emergency exits. She calmly leans forward and reaches under the seat for her handbag, puts the strap over her shoulder, gets up and looks around. Only then does she see the carnage. Blood and bodies everywhere. Some people are dead, some have been hurt by flying bits of metal or the overhead luggage bins collapsing on top of them. Still others are unscathed, just confused about what's happened. There'd been talk of a bomb scare at the airport. Was it a bomb? It's hard to imagine your world being torn apart like that. It's hard to guess how you'd react. We all hope we'd react like passenger Jack Rideout, a 33 year old entrepreneur sitting in first class. The first thing Rideout does is blurt out a call to action, seemingly as much to himself as anyone. This is it says Rideout. He unclips his seatbelt and gets up. He sees his girlfriend next to him, struggling to get her belt undone. He helps her up and the two find their footing in the aisle amid the fallen contents of the overhead luggage bins. Rideout looks to the right. He sees the fire starting on the wing. He looks to the left. He sees a hole ripped in the fuselage. He notices that the plane seems to be tilting to the left. That's the way to get out. Then further from the fire, closer to the ground.
- [20:03]
Captain Victor Grubbs
Those engines are going to blow. We've got to get out of here.
- [20:07]
Tim Harford
The hole in the fuselage is where the emergency exit exit door used to be. The door has gone. So has the door frame. So is the inflatable chute. That should activate when the door is opened. All that's left is a gaping hole framed by jagged metal and a 20 foot drop to the tarmac below. The girlfriend gets to the hole, looks down and hesitates. This is no time to hesitate. Rideout shoves her out, but he doesn't jump himself. He turns back into the cabin, telling others what to do.
- [20:50]
Captain Victor Grubbs
This way. Come with me.
- [20:52]
Tim Harford
He sees a flight attendant struggling to inflate a rubber raft. That's a good idea. It'll give people something to land on. He goes to help her, but by now the fire's starting to spread. Oxygen canisters and fire. Fire extinguishers are exploding in the heat. A fragment of metal shoots across the cabin and hits the attendant in the head, killing her. Rideout finishes inflating the raft and hurls it through the jagged hole. He looks around for anyone else to help. Out of the plane, there's an older woman, seemingly unconscious. He picks her up, but realizes that she's dead already. Rideout puts the body down and decides it's time to jump to safety himself. He lands on the rubber raft.
- [21:49]
Narrator
We'd all like to hope that in a sudden crisis we'd react like Jack Rideout. Selfless, strong, and above all, self possessed. Rideout quickly appraised his new situation. The need to get out. The fire on the right, the hole on the left. That's the fight or flight response. Working as nature intended.
- [22:11]
Tim Harford
A laser like focus on the essential.
- [22:15]
Narrator
Quick and decisive action.
- [22:18]
Tim Harford
But more often, things go quite differently. Our brains don't work as we'd like to hope they would. Take Warren Hopkins, 53 years old, a meat wholesaler from Illinois, and his wife Caroline. They're also sitting in first class. In the moments after the impact, Hopkins reacted just as quickly as Jack Rideout, he touched his wife on the arm and said, let's go. He unbuckled his seatbelt, picked his way across the debris in the aisle and launched himself through the jagged hole in the fuselage. Only when he'd landed did he remember that he'd forgotten to check that his wife was with him. She wasn't, because Caroline had forgotten something else how to unbuckle a seatbelt. How strange, she found herself thinking, I must have unbuckled airplane seat belts a hundred times and I can't remember how to do it. She later said she thought she might have been trying to press a button like you would in a car. Eventually she remembered how airline seat buckles unclasp and made her way to the jagged hole. She looked down and felt vertiginous. She reached out to hold something and gashed her hand. She jumped and landed awkwardly on her shoulder. Warren dragged her away. She managed to get up and saw that a wound in his head was gushing blood over his formal white dress shirt. Warren hadn't realised that's part of fight or flight. There's no time to feel pain. Caroline slipped off her floral patterned underskirt and wrapped it around Warren's head wound. She noticed the gash on her hand and wrapped it in a handkerchief. Warren and Caroline Hopkins later worked with the author John Ziomek to gather recollections from fellow survivors for his book Collision on Tenerife. Their stories of leaps, burns and broken bones. But their stories about other passengers, too, passengers who weren't making any attempt at all to get themselves free, one survivor recalled.
- [24:37]
Jean Marshall Brown
They just didn't move. I believe at least another 100 could have been saved, but they were sitting.
- [24:44]
Tim Harford
There just transfixed, another said.
- [24:47]
Jean Marshall Brown
It was like catching a deer in your headlights.
- [24:52]
Tim Harford
Eight decades earlier, when the Harvard physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon coined the phrase fight or flight, he missed out what may be the most important F of all. Most people on that plane didn't fight or try to flee like Jack Rideout or Warren Hopkins. Instead, they froze. Cautionary Tales will be back after the break.
- [25:27]
Amazon Healthcare Narrator
We've all been there. You're sick and you're trying to schedule a doctor's appointment only to spend hours on hold. Then you find yourself crammed into a crowded waiting room with other sick people. And don't get me started about getting your prescriptions. That's a whole other story. Amazon understands. That's why they created Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy designed to remove these pain points from healthcare. With Amazon One Medical you get 247 virtual care so you can see a provider within minutes and avoid those long, annoying waits. And with Amazon Pharmacy, your prescriptions are delivered directly to you quickly and affordably. No more trips to the pharmacy and no more surprise costs at the cash register. Thanks to the ease and convenience of Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy Healthcare just got less painful. Learn more@health.Amazon.com Today we are bringing you.
- [26:21]
Trust Course Narrator
A 60 second trust course brought to you by my friend Rachel Botsman. Rachel is a leading expert on trust and she's the author of the new audiobook how to Trust and Be Trusted. Rachel, would the world be a better place if we all trusted each other more?
- [26:38]
Rachel Botsman
I love that question, Tim. Yes and no is the answer. In our local communities and neighbourhoods, if we could increase trust, if people could learn how to depend on one another and connect face to face, it really could change lives. But in other contexts, say, in the way that we consume information, we actually need to learn how to slow down and make better trust decisions. So it's not always a case of more trust and more of a case of placing our trust well, making smart trust decisions.
- [27:12]
Tim Harford
Thank you very much Rachel.
- [27:13]
Trust Course Narrator
For more trust lessons like this one, find how to Trust and be Trusted by Rachel Botsman on Pushkin FM audiobooks or wherever you get your audiobooks.
- [27:30]
Tim Harford
John Leach is a cognitive psychologist who studies human survival. In 2004, he published a paper, why People Freeze in an Emergency. Leach studied survivor accounts of 11 disasters on airplanes, oil rigs and ships. One person who got off a sinking ferry recalled how they hadn't been able to understand why others weren't trying to help themselves. They just sat there being swamped by the water when it came in. Leach came to the startling conclusion that freezing wasn't just common, it was the most common response to disaster. It happened to about 75% of people in the cases he studied. The classic response to danger, wrote Leach, should be restated as fight, flight or freeze. We hope we'd react like Jack Rideout. We're more likely to be deer in headlights. But what's going on when people freeze? There are two possibilities, hard to tell apart from the outside, but quite different. Physiologists reserve the term freezing for something that happens before the fight or flight response. The same bodily changes are going on. The surge of adrenaline, the thumping heart. We're primed for action, but not acting yet. It's as if the body has slammed on both the accelerator and the brake at the same time. In the animal world, this can make Perfect sense. You've seen a predator. You're not sure if the predator has seen you. You stay very, very still and hope the predator goes away. If it comes for you, the brake comes off and you fight or you flee. The other freezing scenario happens after. Fight or flight are no longer options. You're trapped. The predator has got you. In this situation, you'll sometimes see animals stop struggling and play dead. This, too, has evolutionary logic. Predators don't want to eat meat that might have been dead for a while. It could poison them. Play dead, and they might lose interest. It's a last, desperate roll of the dice. Physiologists call this state tonic immobility. And it seems to happen to humans, too. Were some Pan Am passengers experiencing tonic immobility? We can't ask the ones who died, but it seems likely. One survivor recalls hearing an elderly woman turn to her husband and say, I think this is it. The same words as Jack Rideout, but a different meaning. The task of getting out is realistically beyond us. Perhaps it was, but we can ask the passengers who froze initially before the brakes came off and fight or flight kicked in. Remember Jean Marshall Brown?
- [30:52]
Jean Marshall Brown
This is the way it feels to die in an airplane crash.
- [30:56]
Tim Harford
She found herself thinking before she sat and watched the cabin fill with smoke around her. And then another thought popped into Jean's head.
- [31:07]
Jean Marshall Brown
We can get out of here.
- [31:09]
Tim Harford
That thought unfroze her.
- [31:12]
Narrator
Jean turned to the couple sitting next to her, who were also deer in headlights. Unfasten your seat belts, she told them. We've got to get out. They clambered out of the broken fuselage and onto the wing. We can't know for sure how long Jean was frozen, but she thinks they were the last ones out. If she'd stayed frozen for another few seconds, the fire would have been too intense to survive. It already was for the couple she had roused. They jumped from the wing but died from their burns. Jean spent two months in hospital and lived.
- [31:52]
Tim Harford
What can snap you out of a freeze? Jean Marshall Brown's story suggests there are two A thought popping into your head or someone else showing you the way. Gene's story was mirrored elsewhere on the airplane. David Alexander was 29 years old, an amateur photographer. He later wrote a book about his experience called Never Wait for the Fire Truck. Just like Gene, David Alexander remembers the first thought to cross his mind.
- [32:23]
Captain Victor Grubbs
I am going to die.
- [32:26]
Tim Harford
Then along came another thought.
- [32:29]
Captain Victor Grubbs
No, I'm not.
- [32:31]
Tim Harford
Alexander doesn't remember what he did next. Not forming memories is another common feature of the fight or flight response. But a couple sitting near him later told him what he did and how it made them realize what they, too, had to do. They saw him climb up onto the back of his seat and clamber his way out of a hole in the ceiling. They got up from their seats and followed his route out of the plane. The psychologist John Leach says that when people freeze in an emergency, it's because their memory contains no appropriate response for their brain to latch onto. And as stress hormones flood their brains, they come up with one. Their thinking is sluggish, their reasoning impaired. If you know there's a particular kind of emergency you might encounter, you can train for it, do drills again and again until the right response pops straight into your brain. That makes sense for soldiers or pilots. See a fire on the wing, reach above you for the levers that cut off the fuel to the engine. And most of us aren't likely ever to be in an airplane crash or a sinking ferry. Training again and again for specific emergencies isn't a wise use of our time. So what can we do to reduce the likelihood that we freeze if disaster strikes? The best advice is boringly predictable. Don't ignore the in flight safety briefing. But the experience of Jean Marshall Brown and David Alexander tells us why we should pay attention, even if we've heard it a hundred times before. In a sudden disaster, you can't predict which thoughts will flash into your mind. I'm going to die. Or we can get out of here. If you've recently said to yourself, my nearest emergency exit is three rows behind, maybe that thought will pop into your head. It might be enough to save you. Years after the crash, Jack Rideout talked to a journalist at the Los Angeles Times. He was, of course, haunted by flashbacks. But the most disturbing memory? Not when he exclaimed, this is it. Not the flight attendant being killed by shrapnel while trying to inflate the rubber raft, not shoving his girlfriend through the jagged hole in the fuselage. What kept coming back to him, said Rideout, was seeing all those people. Not harmed but not doing anything, just looking calmly ahead. Hundreds of them, he thought. They could all have got out hundreds. An exaggeration, surely, but perhaps not by much. Investigators later tried to piece together how many people had died in the collision and how many survived the impact but died in the fire. They did this by seeing if the bodies had soot in the trachea that would indicate they'd still been breathing as smoke filled the cabin. Almost half the bodies were too badly burned to tell either way. Of the others. They found 60 without soot. They had been killed before the fire took hold, but almost twice as many, 118 did have soot in the trachea. These people had survived the crash, then died in the inferno. Some, no doubt, had been knocked unconscious or injured too badly to move. But others, it seemed, simply froze until they burned. First Officer Robert Bragg falls 38ft and rolls on the grass. He's broken an ankle, but he doesn't notice that Captain Victor Grubbs tumbles through the floor into the main first class seating area, then falls through that floor too into the cargo hold. He sees a hole ripped in the side of the hold and wriggles towards it. He drops onto the tarmac and lies there, burned and bleeding. Someone comes towards him. It's one of the flight attendants. He looks at her.
- [37:04]
Captain Victor Grubbs
What have I done to these people?
- [37:07]
Tim Harford
She slips a hand under his arm.
- [37:10]
Jean Marshall Brown
Crawl, Captain.
- [37:12]
First Officer Robert Bragg
Crawl.
- [37:14]
Tim Harford
Grubbs drags himself away from the fiery wreckage. He finds Robert Bragg. They get to their feet. A passenger approaches them. It's Warren Hopkins wearing one shoe, a blood soaked white dress shirt and his wife's floral patterned underskirt wrapped ground his head.
- [37:34]
First Officer Robert Bragg
What in the hell happened?
- [37:36]
Captain Victor Grubbs
That crazy bastard did it. The KLM took off. He was supposed to be holding and he took off.
- [37:46]
Tim Harford
They watch as fire and explosions consume what's left of the Pan Am 747. It makes no sense, but they got out. By now, for anyone else who could have, it's too late. An important source for this episode was Collision on Tenerife. The how and why of the World's Worst Aviation Disaster by John Zyrmek and Caroline Hopkins. For a full list of our sources, see the show notes@timharford.com Cautionary Tales is written by me, Tim Harford with Andrew Wright.
- [38:45]
Narrator
It's produced by Alice Fiennes with support from Marilyn Rust.
- [38:48]
Tim Harford
The sound design and original music is the work of Pascal Wright. Sarah Nix edited the scripts. It features the voice talents of Ben Crow, Melanie Gutteridge, Stella Harford, Gemma Saunders and Rufus Wright. The show also wouldn't have been possible without the work of Jacob Weisberg, Ryan Dilley, Greta Cohn, Vital Mollard, John Schnaars, Eric Sandler, Carrie Brody and Christina Sullivan. Cautionary Tales is a production of Push Industries. It's recorded at Wardour Studios in London by Tom Berry. If you like the show, please remember to share, rate and review, tell your friends. And if you want to hear the show ad free, sign up for Pushkin plus on the show page in Apple Podcasts. Or at Pushkin fm.
- [39:39]
Narrator
Plus.
- [39:53]
Amazon Healthcare Narrator
Sometimes getting better is harder than getting sick. Waiting on hold for an appointment, standing in line at the pharmacy. The whole healthcare system can feel like a headache. Amazon One Medical and Amazon Pharmacy are changing that. Get convenient virtual care 247 with Amazon One Medical and have your prescriptions delivered right to your door. With Amazon Pharmacy. No more lines, no more hassles, just affordable fast care. Thanks to Amazon Pharmacy and Amazon One Medical, Healthcare just got less painful. Learn more at health Amazon.
- [40:27]
Tim Harford
Com.