What is “great replacement theory” and how did it come to be a powerful fuel for right-wing nationalist groups in the United States and around the world?

When white marchers in Charlottesville, Virginia, chanted “You will not replace us,” it was probably the first time most Americans had heard the phrase. But a string of mass shooters around the world—in Oslo and Christchurch, Buffalo, El Paso, and Pittsburgh—all claimed their crimes were a defense against “white genocide.” These incidents only scratch the surface of this ascendant idea: Popular and ruling politicians in every region of the world have been expressing some version of great replacement theory, eroding democratic norms in the name of preventing demographic change and claiming to restore national greatness.

Variations on the theory have been around for centuries, but it was given this name by a French novelist in 2011 who believed Black and Brown immigrants were “invading” Europe, brought there by shadowy elites to “replace” Europe’s white population. Politicians and theorists—in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Chile, Hungary, Australia and elsewhere—repackaged the conspiracy as a story of “globalists” welcoming “migrant criminals” and diversity initiatives to take away the jobs, cultures, electoral power, and the very lives of white people. Over time, great replacement theory has expanded the threatened categories to include citizens, men, Jews, Christians, heterosexuals, and ethnic majorities in various countries. All are targeted with the message that they are under an existential attack that only a strongman can prevent.

Ibram X. Kendi, author of the new book Chain of Ideas, returns to the Club to explore the roots of great replacement theory and its various mutations around the world. He says the controversial theory has brought humanity into this authoritarian age, but we can free ourselves from it. Come find out how.

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