In the wake of the Pentagon’s recent effort to simplify its religious affiliation codes — and the resulting controversy when The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was initially listed separately from other Christian groups — Utah senators Mike Lee and John Curtis publicly pushed back, insisting that Latter-day Saints are unequivocally Christian. The online debate that followed highlighted a much larger and older question: In a culture where anyone can claim any label, what does the word “Christian” actually mean? What are the historical and theological criteria, and who has the authority to define them?

Building on our previous episode about the visible criterion for orthodoxy, we trace how the early Church clarified the boundaries of authentic faith amid heresies, through the creeds, councils, and the role of Peter’s successor in safeguarding unity. We examine why self-identification, while sincere, has never been sufficient on its own — and why the same logic that leads some to say “anyone who feels like a Christian is a Christian” creates the same problems we see when words like “woman” are detached from objective reality.

Along the way we look honestly at specific groups: mainline and evangelical Protestants (real but imperfect communion), Mormons (self-identified Christians with a fundamentally different understanding of God and the Trinity), Jehovah’s Witnesses, Unitarians, and various progressive re-interpretations that retain the label while redefining core doctrines. We also address the common pushback that “Mormons are some of the nicest, most moral people you’ll meet” — and why that, while true and praiseworthy, doesn’t settle the theological question (just as being baptized and confirmed Catholic doesn’t automatically make someone a good or moral person).

If you’ve ever wondered how the Church distinguishes between orthodoxy and heresy, or why the Catholic Church doesn’t simply accept every sincere group’s self-definition, this episode offers clear, historically grounded answers with pastoral warmth. The goal isn’t exclusion for its own sake, but clarity — so that the faith Christ actually revealed can be known, guarded, and handed on intact.

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Christus vincit, Christus regnat, Christus imperat.