Tim Marshall is back for a fourth time. We've now done a show for every book: Prisoners of Geography, The Power of Geography and The Future of Geography. Now the book that started a whole genre has turned 10 years, and Tim has gone back and rewritten the entire thing.

So the question writes itself: how do you update a guide to how geography explains the world when the geography itself hasn't moved? Tim's answer is that we remain prisoners of it but the case is nuanced, he is quick to deny geographic determinism.

In this episode we go region by region, the Strait of Hormuz and pipelines through Oman's mountains, China's escape from its "Malacca Dilemma," Europe's reckoning as America pivots to Asia. The surprise thread is Venezuela, which Tim argues is about Cuba, semiconductors and squeezing China out of Latin America far more than oil. From there: the global populist wave, and his sharpest reframing of the hour arguing that multi-ethnicity was never the problem; badly-done multiculturalism is.

We close on the Indo-Pacific as the new centre of the world, on Taiwan and on what it all means for little old Australia — AUKUS, Pine Gap, and Tim's blunt verdict that we matter more to American strategy than even the UK.

If this is your first geography episode, start where it began with Tim's very first appearance back in 2021 — or sit it alongside Robert Kaplan on a world in permanent crisis, Sam Roggeveen on the Echidna Strategy, and Robyn Davidson, whom I quote here on Modi's India. The 10th anniversary edition of Prisoners of Geography is out now.

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