Food awakening: Iran’s ripple effect

Summary

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Podcast Summary: Economist Podcasts – "Food awakening: Iran’s ripple effect"

Host: Rosie Blore (The Economist)
Guests: Avantika Chilcotti (Global Business Writer), Katrine Braeek (Environment Editor), Kira Huyu (Asia Correspondent), Carla Subarana (News Editor)
Date: April 15, 2026

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Overview: Main Theme and Purpose

This episode of The Economist’s "The Intelligence" explores how the ongoing conflict involving Iran and America, alongside climate threats like El Niño, could spark a global food crisis, with far-reaching ripple effects on supply chains, fertilizer, and humanitarian aid. The episode also investigates the politicization of religion in India under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, focusing on new anti-conversion laws and their violent impact on Christian minorities. Lastly, the show examines Britain’s relationship with pets and the current troubles facing its veterinary sector.

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Segment 1: Geopolitics, Conflict, and the Looming Food Crisis

Timestamps: 01:13–11:11

The Iran-America Conflict and Food Security

Key Points:

• The conflict between Iran and America has disrupted global shipping, mainly through the blockade of Iranian ports, stranding hundreds of ships in the Gulf (03:02).
• This has far-reaching effects beyond oil and gas, especially for global agriculture and fertilizers.

“It’s the energy crisis that makes headlines, but…'food as a long-range weapon'…is really, really appropriate for this conflict.” — Avantika Chilcotti (03:15)

Fertilizer Bottleneck

• The Gulf is a major producer and exporter of key fertilizers; about 30% of traded fertilizer passes through the Strait of Hormuz.
• Fertilizer plants and supply lines are being targeted, directly impacting future food production and costs.
• Unlike oil, there are no significant, coordinated global fertilizer reserves, heightening vulnerability (04:34).

Comparison with Other Crises

• The Ukraine war saw immediate price spikes and swift government reaction, with exemptions for agricultural goods.
• In the Iran case, the impact is slower and less direct, as Gulf nations are not major food producers. The threat now is the increase in input costs, especially fertilizer and energy, that will eventually work their way through the system (04:34–06:08).
• Fertilizer costs rising—major producers outside the Gulf, like Russia, are also under strain due to worsening conflicts.

El Niño Compounding Threats

• Climate models predict a severe El Niño this year.
• El Niño is a recurring global weather pattern causing flooding in some regions and drought in others—typically hitting the poorest hardest (06:14).
• The 2023–2024 El Niño led to the worst drought in a century in Southern Africa, putting 30 million people in need of food aid (06:14–07:36).

“There is an El Niño likely to build up later this year. It’s going to stack on top of already extreme climate impacts and all of this is an extra strain that is brewing.” — Katrine Braeek (06:14)

Regional Vulnerabilities and Response

• The impacts of El Niño are highly variable; responses include distributing drought-tolerant seeds, but timing is critical and depends on planting windows (07:36–08:13).

Humanitarian Urgency and Systemic Weakness

• The crisis coincides with planting season in much of the hemisphere, where fertilizer and seed must be applied for yields.
• Expensive fertilizer leads some farmers to leave land fallow (08:21).

“The amount stuck in [World Food Programme’s] supply chain is enough to feed 4 million people for a month.” — Avantika Chilcotti (08:21)

Aid Shortfalls

• Aid budgets have been slashed at a critical time. Many vulnerable populations now face even greater risk (09:34).

“For many, the damage is already done. If you haven’t applied fertilizer when you plant your crop, you can’t add it later.” — Avantika Chilcotti (08:21)

Long-term Solutions

• Improving soil health and resilience before crises can reduce vulnerability but requires foresight and sustained investment (09:34).

“Long-term preparedness is really important—building soil health ahead of time can build resilience.” — Katrine Braeek (09:34)

The Human Cost

• More people have died from hunger in East Africa, as a result of war-triggered food shortages, than in combat (10:23).

“By most estimates, more people have died as a result of hunger in East Africa caused by the war in Ukraine than on the battlefield itself.” — Avantika Chilcotti (10:23)

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Segment 2: India’s Anti-Conversion Laws and Rising Religious Tensions

Timestamps: 11:11–18:32

Religious Violence at Christian Burial Sites

• Vigilante mobs in Chhattisgarh, India, bar Christian families from burying their dead, turning funerals into flashpoints for communal violence.

Homecoming (Ghar vapsi) Movement Explained

• Hindu nationalist idea that all Indians were originally Hindu, and that conversion to Christianity or Islam is a betrayal (12:24).

“In disturbing the peace of the dead, there is this attempt to bring them back home even after death.” — Kira Huyu (12:24)

• The movement has convinced families to “come home” to Hinduism, even after incidents of violence.

Christian Minority Under Pressure

• Christians: ~2% of Indian population.
• Muslims: ~15%; Hindus: ~80%.
• Religion is increasingly politicized since BJP’s rise to power in 2014 (13:13).
• New anti-conversion laws make it harder to leave Hinduism but facilitate conversion "home" to Hinduism (14:10).

Content and Spread of Anti-Conversion Laws

• 14 out of 28 Indian states have such laws as of March (14:15).
• Laws allow for severe penalties (life sentence or large fines), broad definitions of "force," and public scrutiny of conversions (14:15–15:36).

“Would-be converts must give months of notice and appear on a public registry, with fellow citizens invited to object…then there will be a police inquiry.” — Kira Huyu (15:36)

Official Justifications and Impacts

• Authorities claim laws protect against coercion, but enforcement typically targets Christians and Muslims (16:24).
• "Love Jihad” conspiracy theory—claims of forced conversion by marriage—fuels further legal restrictions, even applying to children of interfaith couples (16:28–17:35).

Constitutional Challenges and Broader Impacts

• Supreme Court considering whether these laws violate rights to privacy and freedom of conscience (17:42).

“India’s freedom of religion laws make an absolute mockery of the very concept they claim to protect.” — Kira Huyu (18:29)

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Segment 3: Britain’s Changing Pet Culture and Veterinary Sector Troubles

Timestamps: 19:38–24:24

Britain’s Pet Obsession

• Pandemic years saw a spike in pet ownership; Britain now spends about £6.7 billion a year on vet services (20:28).

Post-Pandemic Woes for Vets

Regulation and Market Consolidation

• Following complaints about high prices, the Competition and Markets Authority launched a probe into the veterinary sector after years of private equity–led consolidation (21:57).
• Some vets view scrutiny as balanced; others see it as overblown (21:57–22:11).

“It's driven salaries higher, which has been good.” — Rosie Blore (22:19)

• Regulatory uncertainty has slowed investor interest (22:21).

Drop in Demand

• Fewer new pets, higher costs of pet ownership, and many pandemic pets now in lower-care life stages have driven demand down (22:49–23:03).
• Relinquishment of pets has risen as people return to offices (23:03).

Consumer Belt-Tightening

• Owners are cutting back on non-essential spending like treats and premium foods; the “treat-filled days are over” (23:03–24:24).

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Notable Quotes and Memorable Moments

• “Food and fertilizer is being used as a weapon.” — Avantika Chilcotti (03:15)
• “There is an El Niño likely to build up later this year. It’s going to stack on top of already extreme climate impacts.” — Katrine Braeek (06:14)
• “More people have died as a result of hunger in East Africa caused by the war in Ukraine than on the battlefield itself.” — Avantika Chilcotti (10:23)
• “In disturbing the peace of the dead, there is this attempt to bring them back home even after death.” — Kira Huyu (12:24)
• “India’s freedom of religion laws will continue to make an absolute mockery of the very concept they claim to protect.” — Kira Huyu (18:29)
• “[Pet sector private equity] driven salaries higher, which has been good.” — Rosie Blore (22:19)
• “The treat-filled days are over.” — Carla Subarana (24:14)

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Timestamps: Key Segments

• 01:13–11:11 – Iran conflict, global food and fertilizer crisis, El Niño threats
• 11:11–18:32 – Religious violence and India's anti-conversion laws
• 19:38–24:24 – Pet culture and challenges in Britain's veterinary sector

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This episode offers a close look at how geopolitics, climate shocks, and social trends combine to shape humanitarian outcomes, legal landscapes, and even British households’ daily lives. The reporting is urgent, filled with expert insights and sobering reminders of how interconnected the world’s crises have become.

Transcript

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[Rosie Blore]

The Economist.

Hello and welcome to the Intelligence from the Economist. I'm your host Rosie Blore. Every weekday we provide a fresh perspective on the events shaping your world. Religion has become more political in India since Narendra Modi's BJP party came to power. New anti conversion laws are now resulting in horrific scenes at Christian burial sites. And Brits are known for being miserable about almost everything other than a firm devotion to animals. But there are signs that could be changing. Our correspondent lets the cat out of the bag. First up though, When there's war, hunger is often not far behind. The ongoing conflict involving Iran and America is no different. Though a ceasefire was agreed last week, hundreds of ships were remain stranded in the Gulf and America is now blockading Iranian ports. Disruption to global shipping means that food and fertilisers aren't getting to where they need to. As well as the geopolitical impact, geophysics could make matters worse. This year an El Nino is predicted. Can a food crisis be averted? And can the world prepare to answer that, I'm joined by the Economist's environment editor Katrine Braeek and global business writer Avantika Chilcotti.

[Avantika Chilcotti]

Thanks for having us.

[Rosie Blore]

Hi Rosie, nice to be here.

Avantika, let's start with you on geopolitics. We talk about oil a lot with regards to Iran, but how else will the current conflict affect food?

[Avantika Chilcotti]

It's the energy crisis that makes headlines, but a few people I've spoken to for this from think tanks and keep talking about food as a long range Weapon, I think, is really, really appropriate for this conflict, because when global shipping more or less grinds to a halt, it's not just oil and gas that's stuck. The Gulf, by some calculations, is more important to agriculture. It's more important to the fertilizer market than it is to energy. You need gas to make fertilizer, and the Gulf is a huge producer of key fertilisers. About 30% of traded fertilizer goes through the Strait of Hormuz, and that just means it's not reaching people who need it. Right now, you see fertilizer plants and gas plants that supply them being targeted in attacks as well. So this isn't going through to food prices quite yet, but you have a sense that food and fertilizer is being used as a weapon. And if an El Nino emerges later this year, things could get worse.

[Rosie Blore]

So what you're saying is that the current conflict is affecting stocks of food, future supply of fertilizer, and all of that's going to have an effect. Sadly, we always have a link between war and hunger. So tell me how this conflict is different from other ones.

[Avantika Chilcotti]

The most recent parallel crisis I reported on was Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. And the threat of the food market was very clear. Russia and Ukraine, between them, produced something like 12% of the world's calories at the time. We're talking things like wheat and vegetable oil. Very quickly, the price of these staples spiked, and governments were really quick to act. So when sanctions were negotiated, stuff that affected agricultural goods was left out of them. There was relatively quickly a deal to get grain flowing out of the Black Sea. And the reason this time is more pernicious is that the impact on the food market is going to be gradual and less direct. The countries in the Gulf are very arid. They're not massive food producers. Food prices and stocks of food so far have not been hit immediately. However, energy prices have been hit. And this is a huge impact on the agricultural sector, because by some estimates, up to 50% of farm costs in the rich world are energy. On top of that, you see fertilizer costs rising. So it's not food prices yet, but it is fertilizer costs. And this isn't like oil. We don't have a globally coordinated stock of reserves that we can release to bring these prices down. It's also coming at a time following the Russia conflict where we don't have other producers who can plug the gap. Russia, that's a big fertiliser producer. Their plants are also being targeted in Ukrainian drone strikes. South Asia produces some fertiliser, but it relies on gas from the Middle east to do so. So those plants are also being shattered.

[Rosie Blore]

So we've got a pretty gloomy picture there. And Kat, you're here to pile on further gloom.

I think Avantica mentioned the possibility of an El Nino and that's in fact what climate models are currently forecasting for later. This is something that takes root in the equatorial Pacific. It's a big band of hot water that may seem relatively benign, but there are global consequences to this. Having this band emerge every two to seven years on average ripples around the globe in extreme weather events. More rainfall in some places, less rainfall in others. It's this big, massive global pattern of weather events. And unfortunately, El Nino typically hits some of the poorest regions that Avantica is talking about with weather events that negatively impact their food production. The last el Nino in 2023, 2024, brought one of the worst droughts in 100 years to Southern Africa. And as a result of this, something on the order of 30 million people required food assistance. That's not to say that that's exactly what's going to happen this year, but what we do know is that there is an El Nino likely to build up later this year. It's going to stack on top of already extreme climate impacts and all of this is an extra strain that is brewing.

So which parts of the world are most likely to be affected by El Nino and is there anything that they can do to prepar?

The impacts of El Nino vary hugely not just from one El Nino to the next, but also across regions in terms of what can be done once the seasonal forecasts firm up. There are things, assuming the crops are still being planted, such as you could distribute drought tolerant seeds, but it's a bit early right now to be doing that. And of course the nature of agriculture is that some regions will see that window of opportunity pass.

Just how urgent a problem is this? Is there still time for a full on food crisis to be averted?

[Avantika Chilcotti]

The timing of this couldn't be worse if you look at when planting season is, because that's when fertiliser needs to be applied. The Northern Hemisphere and parts of Africa are already in planting season. In South Asia, farmers are preparing for their planting season, which occurs when the monsoon rains begin. So this is when they would be buying up fertiliser. But yeah, some of the damage is basically already. If you haven't applied fertilizer when you plant your crop, you can't just add it later. You can't swap one fertiliser for the other. They have very specific nutrients. Some farmers I spoke to have said they just left their land fallow because the maths didn't make sense. Now fertiliser is more expensive, yet food prices haven't gone up yet. So if they haven't planted, they can't do that later. In terms of food, the short term problem really is humanitarian aid. People who are most affected are those who are already on the margins. People in the poorest corners of the poorest countries and people in conflict ridden areas. They very often rely on humanitarian aid. And I spoke to the World Food Program and they said to me, the amount stuck in their supply chain is enough to feed 4 million people for a month. So until this aid can reach those people who need it, we have a short term crisis. Forget about a long term one.

[Rosie Blore]

The point of aid is really important here and the fact is that aid budgets have been slashed and a lot of the kind of relief that you would see in previous years e pre El Nino or post facto came from aid budgets. And so this could not come at a worse time. Long term, I think there are some things that can be done. Some of the experts that Avantica has been communicating with point out that there's a lot that can be done, for instance, to increase soil health. And if you do that ahead of time, then it just builds in this cushion of resilience for crises, whether that's fertilizer shortage or an El Nino, these sorts of crises will occur again. And so that long term preparedness is also really important.

[Avantika Chilcotti]

By definition, the people who are suffering, perhaps even dying because of food shortages, they're in remote areas. They're not people who are well accounted for. But by most estimates, more people have died as a result of hunger in East Africa caused by the war in Ukraine than on the battlefield itself. And that's incredibly indicative. If we have an El Nino this year and aid agencies aren't able to step up and there isn't a deal to reopen the Strait, this could be even worse.

[Rosie Blore]

Avantika, Kat, thank you very much.

[Avantika Chilcotti]

Thanks for having us.

[Rosie Blore]

Thanks, Rosie.

[Kira Huyu]

In the tiny village of Barytedva, which is in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh, mobs gather to protest at the site of a Christian burial.

[Rosie Blore]

Kira Huyu is our Asia correspondent.

[Kira Huyu]

Some of these vigilantes are holding sticks. Others are torching homes. They are not letting the family whose relative is buried enter the site. I later spoke to a member of the Christian family that was under attack. Her name is Lolita. She says that the mob hurled a rock at her head that left her unconscious, which in some ways may have been a saving grace for her because she didn't witness what came next. Later, police returned to Chanroram Salaam's grave. And to quell these tensions in the village, their morbid solution was to dig up the body and drive off with it. And exhumations of this kind are actually becoming more common across the state.

[Rosie Blore]

Kira, these are just extraordinary scenes. What's behind these violent clashes?

[Kira Huyu]

So there's actually a deceptively welcoming term for the movement behind these clashes, Ghar vapsi, which is Hindi for homecoming. This is the Hindu nationalist idea that all real Indians were originally Hindu. And so conversions to Islam or Christianity denies this real, true Hindu identity. And so in disturbing the peace of the dead, there is this attempt to bring them back home even after death. In Bhattadevta, by the way, the scare tactics worked. Seven Christian families have come home to Hinduism since Salaam's corpse was kidnapped. And increasingly, homecoming is becoming a matter of actual law.

[Rosie Blore]

So just fill some context in for me here. How many Christians are there in India?

[Kira Huyu]

Christians are a tiny minority. They make up about 2% of Indians. The other religious minority that comes up in these conversations are the Muslims. They are only about 15% of the population, and then Hindus make up about 80% of Indians. But religion has become more overtly political under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. He's Bharati ajanta Party. The BJP, which professes Hindu nationalism, has been in power since 2014. And that party does not have a great track record on religious minorities, which are often presented in Hindu nationalist lingo as a threat to these 80% of Hindus in the country. And that is the context against which new anti conversion laws are being passed. They are essentially there to make it harder for Indians to convert to anything but Hinduism. Although obviously if you were to convert to Hinduism, it wouldn't count at all because you're just becoming home.

[Rosie Blore]

So just explain these new laws to me. What do they actually involve?

[Kira Huyu]

So there's been a wave of new anti conversion laws since 2017 in states that are governed by the BJB, which rules nationally. We had the strictest one come into force just now in March in Chattisgar. It's an anti conversion law, but in a Orwellian fashion, it is actually called a freedom of religion law. Maharashtra also passed one just a few days before Chhattisgarh. So it seems like these bills are really picking up pace and that brings the number of anti conversion laws to 14 out of 28 states. And these laws invite significant government and police intrusion in questions of faith and conversion. They set harsh penalties for so called forced conversions and then they define force extremely broadly. They do things like making it very hard for people to marry who they want to marry. One key measure punishes allurement to convert. And that definition of a Lyramim that can basically be stretched to cover pretty much all forms of proselytizing. You are not for example, currently allowed to promise potential converts a better lifestyle under your religion. The context for this is that a lot of Dalits and lower caste Hindus try to flee Hinduism's caste system by joining other religions. But in all of this religion becomes a sort of public spectacle would be converts are now asked to give months of notice before they are allowed to convert. There is a public registry that is put up online where you have to showcase your name and then fellow citizens are invited to object to your conversion. And if they object, then there will be a police inquiry officially to check that you have not been coerced. But again, because coercion is defined so broadly, it's very, very tricky to convert. Under these new. In Chhattisgarh, the penalties for conversion are also pretty extreme. So forced conversion can actually get you a life sentence or it can get you a fine equivalent to almost $27,000.

[Rosie Blore]

And why do the authorities say these laws are necessary?

[Kira Huyu]

Well, the authorities say that these laws are there to protect vulnerable communities from pressure and trickery. In Chattisgarh, they say that the danger is Christianity and that the victims are members of tribal minorities. The state's police chief, Arun Dev Gautam actually thinks that conversions to Christianity are the biggest emerging security threat in the state. Elsewhere if you look for example in Maharashtra, the worry is something called Love Jihad. Now Love Jihad is a very imaginative term which is basically a Hindu nationalist conspiracy theory. It alleges that Muslim men trick gullible, love struck Hindu girls into marriage in order to convert them to Islam. And all of this courting apparently is done to tip India's demographic balance in Muslims favor. And to stop Love Jihad, Maharashtra's laws ban unlawful conversions through marriage. They allow third party complaints on marriages between two consenting adults. And then they decree that any child born out of an interfaith union must adopt their mother's religion.

[Rosie Blore]

So essentially laws that claim to be about protecting people are actually prompting violence.

[Kira Huyu]

They're prompting violence in that they invite the sort of vigilante justice that we have seen in Chhattisgarh. But they also more broadly put religious minorities under permanent suspicion that somehow they are committing a crime, simply marrying who they love or talking about their faith and its perceived benefits to others. And because there are these pretty significant drawbacks to these new laws, they may soon face legal trouble. So India's Supreme Court is currently considering whether they flout rights to privacy and the freedom of conscience that are in fact enshrined in India's secular constitution. But for now, India's freedom of religion laws will continue to make an absolute mockery of the very concept that they claim to protect.

[Rosie Blore]

Kira, thank you very much for talking to me.

[Kira Huyu]

Thank you for having me. Rosie.

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[Rosie Blore]

So if you ask most people what's the difference between a donkey and the horse, they'll say it's the big ears.

[Carla Subarana]

Okay. I recently went to the London Vet show, which is Europe's biggest gathering of vets.

[Rosie Blore]

Carla Subarana is a news editor at the Economist. So if we remember this and we look at our little box, and if

[Carla Subarana]

you spend enough time around vets, you realize that no two days in this job are ever the same. Mary, a horse vet I met in the conference, remembers one in particular.

[Rosie Blore]

So one of my police horses once ate marijuana. So they did a stop and search outside Kings Cross. So I used to be the vet for the Metropolitan Police Mounted Branch.

[Carla Subarana]

No. Yeah.

[Rosie Blore]

And so the police horses are under my care and one of the horses they stopped in search a suspect outside Kings Cross.

[Carla Subarana]

The London Vet show is in many ways a window into Britain's pet obsession. The country has one of the highest rates of pet ownership in Europe, and the pandemic supercharged this trend as people who were stuck at home went in search of company. Britain spent about 6.7 billion pounds a year on veterinary services. And as spending on these services surged in the years after the pandemic, investors poured into the sector. But now that momentum is fading. Household spending has dropped over the past two years and investor enthusiasm is cooling. There are three main reasons why this is happening. The first is regulation. So in March, Britain's competition watchdog ended a two year investigation into the sector, which it started after it received thousands of complaints about high prices and opaque billing. This follows a decade of very quick consolidation because, as I mentioned, investors have poured into the sector. Most of those were private equity firms who bought up small independent clinics and turn them into large chains. The regulator is worried that this is bad for competition and some vets agree. They welcome the probe.

[Rosie Blore]

I think the CMA have been balanced and fair.

[Carla Subarana]

Others think that this is a bit exaggerated.

[Rosie Blore]

I don't think that there's ever really been a problem and I just think that it was an unnecessary investigation because

[Carla Subarana]

private equity firms have actually done a lot of good to the sector for consistency.

[Rosie Blore]

It's driven salaries higher, which has been good.

[Carla Subarana]

The remedies that the regulator has proposed are not very radical, but still the scrutiny has brought a lot of uncertainty into the sector and as a result, private equity dealmaking has dropped sharply. A second factor holding the sector back is, is that fewer new pets are coming through and that is partly because they become a lot more expensive to keep.

[Rosie Blore]

It is definitely during COVID and the year after there was a real spike in pet ownership, but it's definitely plateauing. And often the charities are reporting huge relinquishment numbers because people have been forced to go back to the office. Well, not forced, but, you know, lots of people.

[Carla Subarana]

Pets tend to need more care when they're very young, but then during their middle years they, they need less. And then costs rise again in old age. So what is happening now is that the animals that were bought during the pandemic don't need as much care. And with fewer new pets coming through, demand for veterinary care has fallen sharply. And then there's a third factor holding the sector back, which is that owners are becoming a lot more cautious with money. And as household budgets are under pressure, spending on the extras, fancy leads or premium foods has fallen a lot as well. Britain is still a nation of animal lovers. Demand will probably pick up again as the pandemic cohort ages into its later years. And greater regulatory clarity could tempt investors back into the sector. But for now, the treat filled days are over.

[Rosie Blore]

That's all for this episode of the Intelligence. See you back here tomorrow.

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[Kira Huyu]

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[Rosie Blore]

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