Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD

Educational Pearls:

Foul-smelling urine and cloudy urine are commonly misinterpreted as indicators of a UTI. However, these findings alone are not diagnostic.
Criteria for UTI:
- Presence of localized urinary symptoms:
- Suprapubic pain
- Dysuria
- Hesitancy
- Urgency
- Urinalysis with WBC > 10
- Urine culture with > 100,000 CFU/mL
Colonization differs from infection - many patients harbor asymptomatic bacteria but do not have a true infection.
Consequences of overtreatment
- One review showed 45% of patients treated with antibiotics for a presumed UTI actually had asymptomatic bacteriuria and were incorrectly treated.
- Unnecessary antibiotic treatment can have deleterious effects on the gut microbiome, increasing the risk of multidrug-resistant infections.
- Another problem with overdiagnosing UTI is missing the real diagnosis by explaining symptoms away as "just a UTI."
Be mindful of the risk of overtesting versus not testing at all.
- Clinicians must navigate a balance between moving patients efficiently through the ER and testing appropriately when a UTI is truly suspected.

References:

Baghdadi JD, Korenstein D, Pineles L, et al. Exploration of primary care clinician attitudes and cognitive characteristics associated with prescribing antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2214268. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14268
Colgan R, Williams M. Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2024;109(2):167-174. Accessed February 21, 2026. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0200/acute-uncomplicated-utis-adults.html#afp20240200p167-ta1

Summarized by Ashley Lyons OMS3 | Edited by Ashley Lyons & Jorge Chalit OMS4

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