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#375 The Single Biggest Individual Financier In The World. The Richest Woman In America: Hetty Green
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Hetty Green bailed out New York City. Her decisions on what interest rates to charge moved markets and were reported in major newspapers. She was a one woman bank and the single biggest individual financier in the world. She took no partners and ran her own money. She built a financial empire of stocks, bonds, railroads, and real estate. She battled the great men of her day and kept a gun on her desk. She did all of this alone. Defiantly independent and ferociously intelligent she built a vast, liquid fortune at a time when women couldn't even vote. She used her intelligence to increase her wealth, her independence to live as she wished, and her strength to battle anyone who stood in her way. This episode is what I learned from reading Hetty: The Genius and Madness of America’s First Female Tycoon by Charles Slack and The Richest Woman in America: Hetty Green in the Gilded Age by Janet Wallach.
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All of history's Greatest Entrepreneurs Studied history's greatest entrepreneurs Hetty Green was the smartest woman on Wall Street. She was a financial genius and the single largest individual financier in the world. And yet she made it a point to learn from people like Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller, JP Morgan and Jay Gold. And one thing that she had in common with them was that she had the habit of keeping track of every cent and making sure that she's getting the most value for every single dollar that she spent. One thing is clear from studying hundreds of history's greatest entrepreneurs. Anyone who's committed to being great at building their business is obsessed with watching their cost. This is something I was talking about with my friend Eric. My friend Eric is the co founder and CEO of Ramp. Ramp is now the presenting sponsor of this podcast. I've gotten to know all the co founders of Ramp and have spent a bunch of time with them over the last year or two. They all listened to the podcast and they all picked up on the fact that the main theme from the podcast is on the importance of watching your costs and controlling your spend and how doing so gives you a massive competitive advantage. And that is the reason that Ramp exists. Ramp gives you everything you need to control your spend. Ramp exists to give you everything you need to make cost control an obsession. Ramp gives you easy to use corporate cards for your entire team, automated expense reporting and cost control. Ramp helps you run an efficient organization. I read a Ramp customer review that sums this up perfectly. It said Ramp is like having a teammate who you never need to check in on because they have it handled. Warren Buffett, who has a lot in common with Hedy Green, said that a good manager must be a demon on cost. Ramp makes it easy for you to be a demon on cost and make your business more efficient. Ramp's website is incredible. Make history's greatest entrepreneurs proud by going to ramp.com to find out how they can help you make your business more efficient and make cost control and obsession. That is ramp.com One more thing I want to tell you about before we jump into this episode is Vesto. A lot of my friends are using Vesto to see all of their company accounts in one view. So Vesto helps you connect and control all of your business bank accounts from one dashboard. I know the founder, Ben. I'm friends with them. We spent a bunch of time together. We've had dinner, we've gone on walks and I've offered to help him by introducing him to some of my friends that could benefit from using Vesta. So I called one of my friends and he said, listen David, I will meet with anyone that you want me to, but I must tell you that we say no to over 90% of the software we were pitched. And yet a week later I hear back from him and he told me that Ben and Vesta are great and that they signed up. So I asked him to tell to ask his team to explain the benefit that they get from Vesto in their own words. So I'm going to read the text message exchange where they his team is now in their own words, telling what the benefit they got from Vesto. It says it provides us the ability to view all of our bank accounts and loan accounts on one platform with a single sign on. It makes it much easier to grant access to users in one place as opposed to 20 different banks. So I respond, what did they do before Vesto? They said they had 20 different bank account bank logins across five accountants. We literally used 21 banks. So every bank had an account and a loan that multiple people need access and views to. Just to log in and see everything would take hours and would all be in different tabs. So if you have multiple businesses, if you have multiple accounts, go to vesto.com and Schedule A demo with the founder Ben and tell him David sent you. That is Vesto with a V Vesto. Com. The link will also be down in the show notes. And now let's get to the episode. I hope you enjoy the episode on the one and only Hetty Green. I want to talk to you about two books today, the two biographies of Hetty Green that I've read. The first is the Genius and Madness of America's First Female Tycoon is written by Charles Slack. And the second is the Richest Woman in America, Hetty Green in the Gilded Age by Janet Wallace. So you may not know who Hetty Green is, but in her day, she was one of the most famous and infamous financiers, investors, and entrepreneurs. She was by far the smartest woman on Wall Street. She's a financial genius, a railroad magnet, a real estate mogul, and she was also described as a Gilded Age renegade, which you and I will talk a lot about today. It's one of my favorite things about her, and shockingly, this is one of the things that blew my mind the most, is she was a reliable source of funds for city government. So on more than one occasion, Hetty, as a single individual, bailed out the city of New York. And the reason I think it was important to read two books on her is because we're dealing with a very singular individual here. You have to keep in mind, at a time when women weren't even allowed to vote, Hetty was the single biggest individual financier in the world. And so I just want to give you a brief overview before I go into a childhood, because I thought her childhood and the education she received from her family was very fascinating. She refused. One of my favorite things about her is it this is mentioned in both. Both books multiple times, is she refused to comply with any type of stereotype. There was a description of Hetty by another person that I absolutely loved. They said Hetty was defiantly independent, that she made her own rules and lived by them. In fact, when I read that part, made me think. When I got to have dinner with Charlie Munger, I asked him what he thought of Jeff Bezos. And Munger described Bezos one of the best ways I've heard anybody described. He says that Jeff was ferociously intelligent. And so this idea of combining ferocious intelligence with being definedly independent, I absolutely loved. And this is a great quote that'll give you a sense of, you know, Hetty's personality. And she said, I've had fights with some of the greatest financial men in the country. Did you ever hear of any of them getting ahead of Hetty Green? And she had a personal motto that she lived by, says, I go my own way, I take no partners, and I risk nobody else's fortune. Again, she was the single biggest individual financier in the world when she was alive. So Hetty was born in the same decade as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, George Westinghouse, Jay Gold. The difference between her and other robber barons that were born in the 1830s was that she actually came from an extremely wealthy family. She grew up in New Bedford, Massachusetts, which at. At the time, and this blew my mind, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was the richest city per capita in the world. And the reason that it was is because it was the center of one of the most. The world's most valuable industries, which was at the time, whaling. And Hetty's family owned and operated one of the most valuable whaling companies in the world. And this part shocked me so, like, why would whaling be so profitable? Now, keep in mind, the whaling industry is going to get disrupted by Rockefeller and his organization of the oil industry. But at the time, you could send a single ship out, right, to go hunt whales. A single ship could come back with 4,000 barrels of whale oil. That would be a value approximately about $100,000 in 1850. So the whale oil oil that comes back from the ships, it's used in all types of industries. It would. They would use whale oil to grease machines for industry. They would use it to lubricate watches and guns. It was used for lighting. That is the main part that Rockefeller winds up disrupting a few decades later. And it's also used to make clothing for women, like corsets, and was converted into perfume as well. Hetty's family not only ran one of the most successful whaling companies, but they also had a very specific belief when it came to money. And so what they believed and they taught their children, and this is going to go back many generations, that it the duty of every heir to increase the family riches. So they would say, hey, you're just a steward of the family wealth. It is your job to inherit it and then grow the family fortune and teach the next generation to do the same. And there's actually a funny story about this later in. In Hetty's life. This is the time when the Vanderbilts are building all these gigantic mansions in New York City, and Hetty at the time is living in a really small apartment. And she was asked by a reporter, like, why don't you? Like, why aren't you like the other robber barons? Why aren't you building, you know, these palatial palaces or whatever the case is? And she said, my family has been rich for five generations. We don't need pomp and circumstance. So Hetty is going to be immersed in the world of business and under the tutelage of her grandfather and father. Her father's nickname was Blackhawk Robinson because he kept a close eye on all of his business affairs. So there's this maxim that you and I talk about over and over again, appears in a lot of these biographies, and it says you can always understand the son by the story of his father. The story of the father is embedded in the son. The exact same case is accurate for the relationship that Hedy had with her father. Her father said he's on record, and he has. There's a great quote in one of the biographies where he said that making money was the great object of his life and that he pursued his fortune the way that Captain Ahab pursued Moby Dick. Hetty is going to be exactly the same when she's older. Hetty's father is brilliant at business. In fact, Hedy said that she trusted his business judgment above everyone else's, and that's even though they had a very uneven relationship. Her father when he found out that his wife was pregnant, he wanted a son, and he wanted a son so the son could take over the family business, just like he was taught in a previous generation. The problem was Hedy's born first. Then they have another child. That child is a boy, but that child, that boy dies in infancy. And so Hetty's father winds up sending Hetty when she's around 2 years old to go live with her grandfather. Her grandfather was also a partner in the family business. And so it's going to be her grandfather and her father who actually enroll Hetty into service of the family business from a very young age. In fact, from the age as soon as she could read. And here is why. Hetty's father and grandfather had very poor eyesight. So she had to read the financial news and their financial reports of the business to them. I want to read this. This quote from the book she read. Shipping statistics, tariff news, currency debates, the latest on securities investments and trade news from New York. She absorbed everything. By the time she was 15, she said she knew more about finance than many other financial men. Hetty would describe this as the best business education a young person could receive. She said, when quite a child, I was required to read the reports of the stock markets and of various business transactions to my father, who would carefully explain to me those things I did not understand. I was obliged to keep a strict account of personal and household expenses. All of these things were most useful in forming the mind for business responsibilities. When it became necessary for me to assume them in this way, I came to know what stocks and bonds were, how the markets fluctuated, and the meaning of bulls and bears. These. This formative education was so important to her. Her father's going to die when she's about 30 years old. Hetty works, lives and works until she's like 80 or 81 decades after her father passes away. She's constantly referencing the importance of this education that she received from her father and grandfather. And it's not just reading things and looking at reports. She talks about going to all aspects of the entire business. So they're running a whaling company. They would take their daughter down to the docks and to all the other various parts of the company, the office, everywhere else. Again, this functions as another form of education for her. And so, let me read from the book. She watched him closely as he assessed the inventory, inspected the ships, dealt with the captains, and heard the rough talk of the crews. There's something funny that's repeated over and over again is that women were expected at this time to, you know, act a certain way. And they said that Hetty rejected all of society's norms. And she cursed like a dock worker. That's. That's a line that made me laugh. She listened to him bargain with merchants and berate them when he thought they were charging too much. She followed along. When he took her to the court counting house and showed her how to read the ledgers or brought her to the brokers and taught her how to trade commodities, she paid attention. When he repeated again and again that property was a trust to be taken care of and enlarged for future generations, she obeyed. When he insisted that she keep her own accounts in order and later praise the experience, this is what she said. There is nothing better than this sort of training. I acquired the habit of keeping track of every cent, and I got the most value for every dollar I spent. He also taught her how to invest the profits of the family business, a skill that she will do almost better than anyone else in the world later on, it says. At his request, she worked closely with him on his portfolio of stocks, bonds, and real estate. After years at his side, Hetty felt more than competent to analyze the news and assess the financial markets. And another lesson that her father taught her over and over again, something that he would repeat to her throughout her entire life, something that she would then repeat after he was gone. She was. Hetty Green was anti debt her entire life. She says, my father taught me never to anyone, anything, not even a kindness. This is going to be extremely valuable later on in her work, because Hetty's life and career, there's a series of financial panics. And again, I, I told you this in the past, but now we, we call these things, you know, recessions or depressions, but that 250 years ago, 200 years ago, they called them financial panics. That is a much better term, in my opinion, because that describes the. The behavior of humans. When there is, you know, financial downturn, there is a panic. So I went and grabbed a list of all the financial panics that occurred during her lifetime. So the Panic of 1837-1857-1873-1884, 1893, 1896, and 8, and 1907. In every single financial panic, it is the people that kept a fortress of cash that is able to buy up assets for pennies on the dollar. So her. Her father teaches her this, and she teaches her through repetition by saying this. But also, she was watching his actions. He. He taught her to keep a fortress of cash and never have Any debt. And so even during downturns, her father was able to scoop up assets for pennies on the dollar. He said he thrived through all of the downturns because he always had a ton of cash and he had no debt. In fact, there's a great line I was reading about David Geffen, and it says that David Geffen was as liquid as the day is long. And so you could say that Hetty, throughout her life, she's going to be liquid as the day is long. Remember, she's going to be a single individual bailing out the city of New York. And so over and over and over again, the books give examples of all these financial panics. And then Hetty just greatly increasing her wealth during these financial panics. This stem, really from the blueprint that her father taught her in childhood. No debt, no buying on margin. Watch every penny and stack your cash. And that was the way that her father stayed winning. So they're going to see the very end of the industry that made them wealthy, because now you have in the. In the 1850s. All these people in 1860s are all switching to kerosene. So the price of whale oil is going to crash. The actual bank of New Bedford winds up going under. Hetty's father's business, which had no debt, wind up surviving. But her father was smart enough to not get out of a dying industry too late. I got to read this section to you because I thought this was brilliant on his part and also changes the trajectory of his daughter's life, because they're going to leave New Bedford right when they realize, oh, this opportunity is drying up. We're going to go to where the action and the money is, and that's New York. So whale. You could think of this as whaling oil is going to get disrupted by Rockefeller. And here's a great description of how shrewd her father was. As always, his business timing was impeccable. He had entered the whaling business in the 1830s, just as it was approaching its zenith. And now he quietly. That's a really important word there. Bad boys move in silence. Hetty, her father taught her this, and Hedy does this throughout her entire life. She constantly hides. You'll never know what assets she has, what stocks she's buying. She's very. She operates very, very quietly. And so now he quietly, but quickly sold off the ships and other assets when he recognized unmistakable signs that the industry was headed for a decline from which it would not recover. The recent discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, combined with new techniques for refining it promised a new and seemingly inexhaustible supply of oil that did not require costly, dangerous voyages on the far seas. Some whaling men, now, they're going to compare and contrast Hetty's father's actions with people that got rich in the industry. It's very hard to, when you just got rich from an industry, to leave it voluntarily. Some whaling men would ride the industry down to its bitter end, sending fewer and fewer ships out to hunt ever more elusive whales for an oil that the world no longer wanted. But sentimentality was never one of Robinson's traits. To him, whaling had been nothing more than the best way to make money and knew Bedford was the best place to do it. When the time came, he cast them both off with a brisk indifference. In New York, he found new success in merchant shipping and real estate. Hetty moved to New York with her father. And for Hetty's life, this was perfect. She's going to New York. She had a genius financial mind, and there's no better place that she could be. So I want to go back to this idea that she was defiantly independent. And again, I think this was a huge asset for her, especially because she. She could act against the crowd over and over again. But there's a great. You sell this. This defiantly independent nature of her. From a young age, she actually was her aunt. There was a story in the book where her Aunt Sylvia warned her away from a dangerous horse, and Hetty took it upon herself to break him and rode the wild animal until it settled down. I think that's a great metaphor for how she approached business. So this defines this dedication to doing things her own way. It really helped her immensely because she never really cared to follow the crowd. And then she also would observe. So there's. There's this line where it's like, okay, all of history's greatest entrepreneurs studied all of history's greatest entrepreneurs. She is a young woman, she's in her early 20s, and she's doing the exact same thing. So the financial panic of 1857. Hetty learned some very valuable lessons. And at 23 years old, she's going to see firsthand how humans panic and that how those that didn't panic got rich. And so there's a bunch of names in here that will be familiar to you and I. It says, Heidi learned some very old lessons about human behavior. During booms and busts, more railroads slipped as confidence fell. And for a few months, Wall street, which was trading primarily in railroad stocks at the time, ran off the track. But if speculators who had bought on margin would force to sell their shares to cover their losses, shrewd investors like Cornelius Vanderbilt and Jay Gold swooped up to stocks at low prices. And Hedy would later do the same. A few clever men like Russell Sage, a future role model for Hetty, kept substantial amounts of cash on hand and and used it to buy stocks at rock bottom prices. JP Morgan told his son there was a good lesson to be learned from other people's greed and good bargains to be found in the aftermath. In future times, Hedy would always keep cash available and use it to buy when everyone else was selling. Much later, Warren Buffett would do the same. But most people watch their money wash away in the flood. This pattern will repeat throughout her life. There's another example a few decades later. This time it's during the panic of 1873. And Cornelius Vanderbilt profits from that as well. Most of Vanderbilt's railroad stocks had plummeted. Vanderbilt bought his stocks for cash and was able to wait out the market. But his followers, who risked their money on, on a 10% margin, were racing to cover their losses. When a friend complained, he replied, if you bought 100 shares instead of a thousand, you could have held on. Never be in too great a hurry to get rich like Hedy, Cornelius Vanderbilt bought his railroads for the long haul. Okay, so then Hedy's dad dies. Hedy is around 30 years old when this happens. I need to talk about the complicated relationship they have because at first he was furious that his firstborn child was a girl. You know, he wanted a son, he wanted an heir, somebody teach the family's business. So he sends her a way to live at her grandfather's. Over time when he realizes not going to have another child, now his only child is Hetty, he, his emotions cool down. You know, he, he mentors her. But Hetty thought she's going to, she feels, she's going to feel betrayed when she sees the results of his will because her father died, you know, that she thought he was obviously a very tough man, a very difficult man, but she thought they had a better relationship than the will is going to reveal. And even though he knew his, he had trained his daughter, he knew his daughters are very smart, he still decided he couldn't trust her with the family fortune. And this is going to be wild because I'll just read this note to you that I wrote to myself which blew my mind because I thought, okay, you know, families were rich for generations. You know, you inherited a bunch of money and then you made that, that money bigger. It's still an impressive feat, but, but I didn't realize that she is going to become the richest woman in America and maybe the richest woman self made woman in, in the world. Not by investing the principal of her family's fortune, but by, by, by, by investing the investment income she turned, she's going to turn a yearly cash flow of a couple a few hundred thousand dollars into over 100 million. So her father dies, decides that the money he leaves her should be managed by other people. This is going to be the, the biggest betrayal she has of her entire life. Okay, and so this is 1865, and it says an inventory made after his death showed an estate of nearly $5.7 million. That's crazy. In 1865, of that, only 163, 000 remained invested in whaling ships, showing the extent to which he had succeeded in extracting himself from, from the business that had made him rich. Now, her father left the entire state to his only heir, his daughter. Okay, it says actually that she's five months shy of her 31st birthday. But there was a catch. Robinson had arranged to leave Hetty a little over $900,000 outright. The rest of it, which is almost $5 million, would be bound up in a trust with Hetty as the beneficiary. Hetty was a woman, and her father followed the conventions of the day and kept some 80% of his fortune in a trust for her, so she would not fritter it away. Imagine working by your father's side since you were a child, and his will, it's revealed his true feelings that you're a girl. I can't give you this money because you'll fritter it away. She is one of the best financiers in human history. Says Hetty could interpret the will as nothing other than a deep and burning insult. She would carry anger over her father's will throughout her life, transferring her rage from her father to the men he had selected to administer her trust. So again, she's going to become the richest woman in America and maybe the world, not by investing the principle of her family's fortune, but just the investment income. How many other people, right, could turn a few hundred thousand dollars a year into 100 million? So now, with that in mind, I think it's the perfect time to talk about how Hetty worked and give you a few examples of some investments that she made. So as you can imagine, if you just felt you went through the biggest betrayal of your life, she is fiercely independent and she works alone. And I think this paragraph gives some insight into why that's the case. Hetty lived her life convinced that she was fundamentally and completely alone. Nobody else could watch out for her interest. She mistrusted all forms of alliances and cabals. Where other investors sought the safety of numbers, the soothing ring of consensus, Hetty felt most comfortable on her own, trusting her own judgment and instincts. And when they say that she worked alone, she didn't even have an assistant. She said she wants to read everything. She read everything herself. She did not want anybody else filtering her information. Now, she kept a very simple and predictable daily routine. She woke up early. She would eat a small breakfast in her small apartment. Then she would take the 7am Ferry to Manhattan. And then she went to her desk at the Chemical Bank. She was their biggest customer. They offered her a private office. She goes, no, I just want a desk in the middle of the bank. And so this is what she was doing all day. This is a typical work day for Hetty. At her desk at Chemical Bank. She sat down at her desk and began her business. Four times a day, the letter carrier brought stacks of mail to the bank. Hetty slid her knife across the envelopes, read the letters, scanned the tabloids and the broad sheets. She shifted through piles of paper, checked the mounds of coupons. This is coupons for all the bonds she would own to clip, tracked her lawsuits, decided which railroads, real estate, and bonds to buy or sell, and oversaw the scores of payments on loans and mortgages to collect. She reveled in conversations with the officers of the bank and the men who came to call on her. At the end of another long day, she would part the bank, leaving behind her concerns over finance. So she's one of the first people to arrive at the bank. She's one of the last to leave. And then she was capable of leaving work at work, which is something I struggle with, and you might as well. She says, business never disturbs me after business hours. I never worry about things. I do the best I can every day as I go along. She would then leave the bank, go back home, and have dinner around 8pm with her daughter. And then the more you read about Hetty, you just realize, oh, she was completely in love with her work, and she was completely obsessed. And I actually think there's a lot of genius to the fact that she didn't let anybody else filter information. All the reading that she did, all the work that she did was contained in one inside of one brain. And I think that actually, over time, gives you a massive advantage. And so this is her describing or this is the book describing. This is the research process that she would make before making an investment. When she had read, quizzed, grilled, interrogated, and investigated enough, when she had studied the cost, analyzed the assets. Assets and dug through the debts, when she had found the answers to suit her, when she knew the true worth of a company and understood its weaknesses, when she was satisfied that its basic values were sound and its assets strong, that the downside risk was low and the upside high, then she would invest her money. And so this is a great line from Steve Jobs where he says, make what you love, your work. Make what you love your work. And there's multiple examples in both books. I just pulled out a few for you that that's exactly what Hedy did. What she preferred most was her work. She loved digging up dirt on businesses, and she loved the nitty gritty of finance. I have a head for numbers, she said. They light me up and tell me a story. Another example of making what you love, your work. She prized the life that she led. I enjoy being in the thick of things. I like to have a part in the great movements of the world and especially of this country. I like to deal with big things and with big men. And so she talked about, you know, the idea, what she was supposed to do at this time in history. She was supposed to be a society matron. And she's like, this is boring as hell. She says, I would rather do this than play bridge. Indeed, my work is my amusement, and I believe it is also my duty. And so when people found out how wealthy she was, they would ask her, like, why. Why don't you retire? Why, like, why are you still working? And they're like, no. She loved it. It was like this giant puzzle and game. She never wanted to stop. She says, I know of very few people who are busier than myself and who are better trained to combine business with pleasure. After she asked if she planned to retire, Hetty responded, why should I give up my work? And this is one of my favorite things about her, is the fact that the rules that she chose to live by were her own and not what she didn't give a shit about. Other people's expectations, society, friends, family members, what they thought she should be doing. The rules that she lived by were her own. I think that's one of the biggest takeaways from studying Hetty Green again. This goes back to the fact that one of the things I most admire about her is that she was defiantly independent. She was very comfortable, more comfortable, maybe the most comfortable, trusting the results of her own thinking and trusting the results of her own judgment. There's a line in the book I just want to read to you. The rules she chose to live by were her own rather than society's. By casting off the societal expectations of her time, she freed herself to do as she pleased, to live a life on her terms that she and she alone determined. So let's go into some examples of investments that she made. People would ask her, like, how do you do what you do? And she would, she would say it over and over again. She had a very simple strategy. I buy when things are low and nobody wants them. I keep them until they go up and people are crazy to get them. That is, I believe, the secret of all successful business. And you see this over and over again. She's just literally doing that exact same thing over and over again, completely content to go against the crowd, which is very, very hard. Obviously, if you study the history of financial panics, it's very, very hard for humans to do so. She has this one trade that she does shortly after her father dies. It's the, it's. She, she's trading in greenback. So it says she was already establishing the patterns of investment that would define her career. Sticking with conservative instruments such as United States bonds and having the cool head to stay on course when others had panicked. So she starts buying up United States greenback notes the government had printed. The United States government had printed large quantities of these notes right after the Civil War to try to cover some of its huge expenditures. Okay, so at the time, the union had just won a huge military victory, but people were very scared and really just doubtful about the future economic prospects of this, you know, country that's trying to put itself back together. As a result, there's this huge rush to the safety of gold and the value of greenbacks wind up dropping as low as 40 to 50 cents on the dollar. Hetty sees everybody else panicking and fleeing greenbacks for gold. And so you know what she does? She's going to wind up buying greenbacks. Essentially what she's doing, she's buying dollars for 40 or 50 cents. There is a great description of this trade from this book called the Men of Wealth. And it says here was an excellent chance for any far seeing person to pick up government securities at half their value. All it required was little faith in the nation that had just demonstrated in a most extraordinary way its ability to come through a terrific civil war. Looking back at it now, the recovery of the country ought to have seemed a sure thing to any observer. The war had given an immense impetus to the resources of the continent. So all, all these natural resources are going to, they're going to have huge, essentially booms in all these natural resources like coal, iron, oil, copper, gold and silver. But for all that, the nation's credit was at a low ebb. And through 1865, 1866, 1867, Hetty bought all the government bonds she could lay a hold of. So she ran her playbook with greenbacks and government bonds. She does the exact same thing for real estate. She is going to build a gigantic real estate empire portfolio. Most of this real estate she's going to acquire happens during financial panics. You can think of Hetty, again, remember, the largest single individual financier in the entire world. That just, that sentence breaks my brain. It just blows my mind. You really think of Hetty as a one woman private bank. Okay. So it goes back to what her, her father told her to do when she was young. You have to keep a fortress of cash. She is going to use that to buy real estate out of foreclosure. Okay. So banks in need of cash would sell heddy loans, mortgages that they had made to other people, using property as collateral. Some of these borrowers are going to default on their loans. Hetty began to acquire the property for the mortgages. Right. This is the beginning of what's going to become this gigantic real estate empire. So she's going to wind up owning dozens of buildings in block after block in New York, Chicago, St. Louis and Boston. Most of them were acquired because of, they were through foreclosure on the mortgages that she held. She rarely if ever bought a property outright on the open market. And once she owned a property, she held onto it. That is repeated over and over again. Hetty's philosophy on real estate was very simple. Hold on to property. So I actually found an interview that is, that took place, I think, in New Yorker magazine. Let me check. It's 1836. Yeah, it was in October 22, 1938. Sorry, in New Yorker magazine. It is describing, and I actually looked it up and read the whole thing. It's describing an interview that hetty gave about 30 something years earlier in 1899. Okay. So I pulled a quote from this interview of hers in 1899 that describes her real estate portfolio. She says, I have mortgages on 28 churches, on four cemeteries. I have blocks of business houses. Theaters, library, stables, hotels, restaurants, farms, and nearly everything you could imagine. Five years ago, I started out to take a look at all these buildings. So she's like, I gotta go see all the property that I own all over the country. I traveled for nearly two years and stayed at 40 hotels. So I think that gives you an insight, insight into, like, the sheer scope of her real estate portfolio that it took her two years and 40 different hotels just to see all of it. Okay, so we see Hedy running her playbook in government bonds, in greenbacks, in real estate. She also does this. She's going to invest in railroads, and then she's going to wind up buying some railroads outright. But I want to give you an example of how Hetty worked and how she applied this playbook to, you know, the most important industry of her day. And she hears about this takeover attempt of this small railroad called the Georgia Central Railroad. And I think it's an important example for you and I to study because it really gives us a glimpse into the tactics and style that she's going to use over and over again for the rest of her career. So starts out with a group of wealthy investors in New York. They start studying the Georgia Central Railroad. They're like, hey, this is a ripe takeover opportunity. And they just thought there was a bunch of assets inside the railroad that the railroad also owned that was not being properly accounted for. One of this was a steamship line. And so since the steamship line they figured had been really undervalued among the railroad's assets, they are going to buy up enough stock to take over control, and then they want to install their own managers and directors. So Hedy gets wind of this plan and early on, begins quietly. Remember, you know, she. She hid over and over again. I'll tell you more about this later, but she. She all would. Would always conceal the movements and what she was doing. So she begins quietly buying up a bunch of Georgia Central stock. She's paying around $70 a share. She winds up accumulating almost 7,000 shares, 6,700 shares. And then what does she do? Nothing. Which she always does. She just wait, waits very patiently. And so, as the other group keeps buying more and more stock, the stock starts shooting up. So now the shares that she paid $70 for are now $100 a share. She could have easily sold at this point for a quick $200,000 profit, but she chose to sit tight, figuring that as the clock ticked, the New Yorkers would grow even more nervous in a close election. Her chunk of stock Might mean the difference. So they, the guy that's going to run the railroad if they, if they win this election, his name's Alexander. He goes and speaks with Hetty once he finds out that she has this huge chunk of stock. Okay, you paid 70 for it. It's trading on the open market for 100. I will give you $115 for each share. That means she could walk away with a $300,000 profit. Hetty respond, you can have my shares for $125. Alexander says, okay, I will give you $125, but not until after the election. Instead of selling her shares now, she would have to promise to vote their way. When the election was over, she would get her money in full. Hetty replied, if I have to wait for my money, the price is $130. So they wind up settling at $127.50. The vote happens. Hetty shares provide nearly half of Alexander's 15,000 share victory. And she winds up making a profit of $385,000, nearly double what she would have made just by holding on a little longer. And it's important to note that she's able to seize that opportunity when it presents itself in rowboats because of all the work that she did before the opportunity presented itself. I want to go. I find the way she worked very fascinating. Here's another description of it. Only a small group of investors had access to as much information as Hedy did on the railroads and their maze of lines. Her transatlantic connections, her insistent research, her in depth questioning and her constant reading helped her decipher the complicated financial code and decide which rails to invest in and which ones to avoid. Now you will see she talks about this and she made a bunch of money on railroads in the panic of 1873. At the time stock, when stocks are being abandoned in mass because of the panic of 1873, this is when Heidi decides that she wants to trade. She says, I believe in getting in at the bottom and out at the top. I like to buy railroad stock and mortgage or mortgage bonds. When I see a good thing going cheap because nobody wants it, I buy a lot of it and I tuck it away. For Hetty, the decline in the market offered an opportunity for the future. She had a pile of cash when others were scouring for pennies. But she also had a deft mind and the colossal courage to push against the crowd. It goes back to that. See how all of all of the lessons that she learned from her, her father, her grandfather, the training that she had when she was a child also interacted very well with her natural drift, with her, with her nature, which her nature was to be defiantly independent, which also gave her the courage to trust her own judgment and to do her own thinking. And this is what she's going to teach and train her own children as well. And before we move on, because she's going to buy a railroad out of foreclosure and then have her son run it. I've said this to you before, but it is impossible to overstate how important and life changing the railroad industry was at this time in America. I just did this episode on James J. Hill, and there was just crazy stats in there. So by 1885, railroads brought in twice the revenue as the federal government. The railroads were the nation's largest employer. The railroaders were the largest private land holders in the country. They own more than 10% of the land in the United States. And then this blew my mind, which I just learned from reading this book on Hetty Green. The reason that we have the concept of standardized time came because of the railroads. It was standardized time was unheard of until railroad schedules made it necessary for two towns located hundreds of miles apart to keep the same clocks. Okay, so now I want to get to Hetty and her children. Remember, Hetty tells her kids, you know, you come from a family that believe that each generation was just a steward for the family's wealth, and your job is to increase it and then prepare the next generation to do the same. So there was a curious line in the book about this. It says Hetty never failed to tell her children how rich they would be one day. And she meant it, for her goal was to leave them as the richest people in America. And she was not shy about the fact that she recommend training your kids in business from infancy. She says a certain amount of business training would be an excellent thing, but it should be gone, but it should be begun in their infancy. So her firstborn child is a son that they named Ned. She wanted to prepare Ned to learn the railroad business because it's the most important industry in America at the time. And she's like, listen, not just going to buy a railroad and then install you. You're going to work from the ground up. She said that the best way to learn any industry was from the ground up. So his very first job was as a clerk and a handyman for this. This railroad in Connecticut. And her son said, she wanted me to learn railroading. And the only place to learn that business is on the railroad, down on the ground among the men, Ned found himself patrolling a stretch of track for $10 per week, cutting weeds and helping repair track. She would constantly test her son. He's 22 years old. In this story I'm about to tell you. As Ned left for Chicago, his mother gave him a package of papers, telling him to guard them on the train at all costs. Figuring that he was transporting some vast sum in negotiable bonds or other securities, Ned barely slept on the journey, keeping the package under his mattress as he lay awake. When he reached Chicago and delivered the package to the office, it turned out to contain wads of expired fire insurance policy. The delivery was simply his mother's way of testing his reliability. When he was asked what the most important lesson he had learned from his mother, he replied without hesitation, self reliance. And the way she does this after making him pass a series of tests beforehand is really, really smart. So she's going to buy a railroad out of foreclosure and she puts her son in charge of expanding and improving it. Keep my. She. They're living in New York. She buys us in Texas. She's going to send Ned to Texas. He's 24 years old to run this railroad. She's going to be. He's going to be in Texas for the next 16 years. And it is in Texas with this railroad which they're going to rename. The Texas Midland railroad is where she's going to make him prove himself as a businessman. Is very fascinating what she does here. So first of all, Texas Midland, she bought out of foreclosure, not much of a railroad. It was outdated, poorly maintained. She's like, you have to get it profitable, you have to expand it, you have to repair the lines and you have to keep adding miles and connections. It's very simple how you make a railroad more valuable, right? So it says, though the money was heady's when it came to decisions on what to do with a sagging railroad, she made it clear that her son was in charge. So he is 24 years old, he's got this, you know, genius, overbearing mother, and he's like, I don't know what to do. So every time he's faced with a business decision, he would immediately send her telegraph and like, what? What do I do? What do I do? And she would send back a very terse response. You're on the ground. Mind your own business. She would make him make the decision and he was so nervous and he became so frustrated that he winds up Going, catching a train and going back to New York to see her. And I love what she does here in this situation. So they're in New York and she goes, suppose I was not here. What would you do if I was dead? You have to be self reliant. So she tells, she winds up telling her son this. It's an old wailing parable that she learned when she was a kid about a captain and her and his two sons. And this is the, the, the story. His sons were his mates. Hetty said they wore uniforms and looked very spruce, but they didn't take their turn at the wheel or stand watch. Finally, when the captain died and no one on board was being competent enough to navigate the ship, it went on the rocks. I sent you to Texas to learn the railway business. I cannot teach you by telegraph from New York. Go back and do the best you can. And that's exactly what he did. He learned the only way there is to learn through experience, slowly over time. And so he winds up improving the existing line. He winds up adding connections, winding up, adding miles, fixes the bridges. He paid attention to every detail and he just made this little incremental improvement over time. And at the end of 10 years, you have a very valuable railroad. And in fact it was important because he saw how his mom, you know, you, you could say she definitely micromanaged her affairs. She's working by herself. She has to do everything right. And Ned, his favorite actual place was on board one of his locomotives in riding in the cab beside the engineer, paying attention to every single mile of the track. So one of the things that she would repeat to her children is you don't kick a person when they're down. And she also applied that to cities. So remember I mentioned earlier that she ends up loaning and bailing out in New York City multiple times. And this is just really this one woman bank, this single largest individual financer in the world. She's going to wind up being like this one woman Federal Reserve, which I'll get to in a minute. But there's this paragraph I want to read to you where it says more than once she bailed New York City out of a pinch. It is staggering to think of a major city coming to a single person. She rarely if ever took the opportunity to kick a borrower when they were down. That was bad business, she always said. And so in 1898, she lent the cash strapped city of New York $1 million at the rate of 2%, which is well below the prevailing rate of 3 to 3 and a half percent. When I mentioned that she's a one woman Federal Reserve, the media would follow her every move the way that we would follow, like the Federal Reserve cutting rates. To this day, her millions in cash and her willingness to lend made her a one woman Federal Reserve whose decisions on interest rates were followed the way investors today await the word for the Fed chairman. Here's this headline that New York Times reported on January 7, 1911. Hetty Green cuts rates. Just imagine that it's not like the Fed chairman cuts rates. It's like, no, this single woman sitting at a desk, Chemical bank, downtown Manhattan, decides to cut rates. And so therefore we need to pay attention to it and we need to, to, to report it in every single paper in the country. It was just hilarious to me. And then I think it's important to like, round out her personality because I think the, the same kind of personality she had when she was younger is much more pronounced when she was older. She's very secretive, very frugal, and very paranoid. Again, bad boys and girls in this case move in silence. She would not tell other people what she owned or what investment she was making. She bought property under fictitious names and stocks under other identities. On more than one occasion, she would show up to her banker with larger amounts of stock than anyone suspected. I just want to read one section to you. This, this jumped out to me because I grew up playing Monopoly and I loved buying the railroads. She had secretly acquired far more shares of Reading Railroad than anyone knew. She was a rare woman who could hold her tongue. And they sheepishly had to admit that she managed her business far better than most men. She was frugal to the extreme. I already told you how she lives in small apartments her entire life when she could be living, you know, the biggest house in New York. But she, she's carrying around essentially the equivalent of hundreds of thousands of dollars in securities on public transportation. That's like me and you walking around with a bag full of, you know, hundreds of thousands of dollars for cash. So her banker meets her outside one day and he sees her getting off of public transportation. He admonishes her for carrying negotiable securities on public transportation. It's dangerous, he told her. You should have taken a carriage. So this is again, how frugal she is. She's one of the richest people in the city. And she says, Hetty shot him a look and replied, a carriage indeed. Perhaps you can afford to ride in a carriage. I cannot. And so that's in line to advice that she would give her children, watch your pennies and the dollars will take care of themselves. And she was largely mistaken. Not that she cared when she was alive, but she was largely mistaken. People assumed that she was unhappy because she refused to spend her wealth. And in fact, she, to this day, she's in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's greatest miser. I don't think she was an unhappy person at all. I think she was in love with her work and she thought it was a huge game and she thought she was really good at it. And she was obsessed with the compounding nature of wealth and so she was very reluctant to spend any of her money. Another part of her personality is she had disdain for self indulge, indulgent socialites, which she could have played the role if she wanted to. She never had to work if she didn't want to. So she's, she's talking to her, her daughter about, you know, do not marry this young useless man who comes from, he comes from a wealthy family. But, but, but Hetty says, but if it wasn't for his father, the world wouldn't know a thing about him. He has never earned a dollar and doesn't have the value of money. Another trait of her, she was good and she knew that she was good. This is her personality in a sentence I never set out for anything that I don't conquer. Another example of her knowing that she, how good she is during the panic of 1907, okay, so she set up inside of her desk at the bank, all these over. These people that were over leveraged, right, are seeking Hetty out because they know that she has tons and tons of cash and they appear at her desk to sell her, to sell Hetty their assets for pennies on the dollar. I want to read this paragraph to you. So it says, black clouds hung over many of the debtors. They had little choice but to divest their holdings. Hetty watched as rich men arrived at the Chemical bank, taking off their top hats, drawing out their expensive engraved cards and handing them to a clerk at the door. They sought Hetty out to sell off their possessions. As rates rose, more and more of the quote, solidus men in Wall street, she said, this is Hetty now talking about this. From financiers to legitimate businessmen came to call, begging to unload everything from palatial Mansons to automobiles. They came to me in droves. She recalled another interesting thing about Hetty. She kept a gun at her desk and she had a mama bear's protective Instinct. So, one of the most famous railroad entrepreneurs in the country is Collis Huntington. And he winds up coming to visit her in New York at the Chemical Bank. They're having, like, this huge fight over this railroad in Texas. And he says he threatened that if she and Ned, her son, did not relent, he would see it to it that Ned was tossed in a Texas jail. Hetty's eyes narrowed on hunting. Up until now, Huntington, you have dealt with Hetty Green, the businesswoman. Now you're fighting Hetty Green, the mother. You harm one hair on Ned's head, and I'll put a bullet through your heart. She made a motion towards the revolver that she kept on her desk. Hetty did not play. There was another interesting thing I learned about her. The fact that she gave her children not a list of do this. She gave her children a list of don'ts. So again, this is going to remind me. And you have Munger. In fact, I think I discovered, originally discovered Hetty Green, because Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger had studied her. But that idea that Munger said that you invert, always invert, that you can actually, like. Like Munger, Hetty studied the cause of human failure and folly and then just avoided that. And so here's the list of don'ts that she wanted to pass on to her children. Don't cheat in any of our business dealings, for sooner or later, your conscience will trouble you and you'll worry yourself into an early grave. Don't fail to be fair in all things business and otherwise. Don't kick a man when he's down. Don't envy your neighbors. Don't overdress. Whether you have the means or not, this causes envy. That's another interesting thing that she had in common with Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger. The fact that they. They both said that greed doesn't drive the world, world envy does. And that you have to cure yourself of envy, because envy is a weakness. Don't fail to go to church, for the church needs you and you need the church. They were Quakers. Don't forget that riches dishonorably gained must be left behind someday. And when you depart, you will find the gates of heaven bolted against you. Don't forget to be charitable. Charitable. And don't falsify. And then when she was 80 years old, right before she dies, she gives more advice. When it comes to spending your life, there have to be some things neglected. If you try to do too much, you'll never get anywhere. And so when you actually study the traits of not only how she lived her life, but especially it was very fascinating, the conversations that she was having with her son and her daughter. Because we know, like the. The con, how important the conversations and the upbringing for the multiple generations of that came before her were to Hedi. And really you can identify like the reverse of like, the stuff that she was trying to get them to avoid. The mirror image of that are the traits that she winds up admiring. And a lot of these traits she possessed herself. So I just wrote, I was just like sketching out, like, how, how can I, like distill the. The model of Hetty in my own mind and based on her actions and which was important to her. So Hetty was simple, resourceful, focused on compounding for the long term, frugal, focused and paranoid. Very, very paranoid traits that Hedy valued in herself and others. Solid, secure, sober, frugal, conservative and prosperous. And before she died, she left behind a list of maxims. Here's a few of them. Before deciding on an investment, seek out every kind of information about it. The second one, watch your pennies and the dollars will take care of themselves. The third one, after your business is over, you may take your colleague to dinner or the theater or allow him to take you, but wait until the transaction has been closed and the money paid. She understood incentives. She understood the deep desire for humans to reciprocate. This is why you see, like people like Sam Walton and other people, they would not let any of their salespeople or any of their buyers take any kind of gifts. You see the echo in the knowledge that, that Hetty's trying to depart to her import to her children. Number four, before making a deal, if anyone is full enough to offer you the full amount, take it. If you are offered less, tell the man you will give him the answer in the morning. Think the matter over carefully. If you decide overnight, she's essentially saying, sleep on it. If you decide that it would be to your advantage to accept the offer, say so the next day. So the very next maxim, she repeats that again. In business, generally, do not close a bargain until you have reflected on it overnight. Here's another one. When good things are so low that no one wants them, buy them and lay them away in the safe. When owning to some new development, and that makes them go up and they're needed, that other men will pay well for them, then you sell. And finally, I am always buying when everyone wants to sell and selling when everyone wants to buy. And finally, I think this is a great description of Hetty to close on. She was an enigma, a blue blooded Harris who identify with the common folk, a female who triumphed in the male world of finance, an independent who answered to no one but herself, a renegade and a money maker who thumbed her nose up at what money could buy. She used her intelligence to increase her wealth, her independence to live as she wished, and her strength to battle anyone who stood in her way. And that is where I'll leave it for the full story. Highly recommend buying both of the books. I will leave the links in the show notes and available on your podcast player. If you buy the book using those links, you'll be supporting the podcast at the same time. That is 375 books down. 1000go and I'll talk to you again soon.