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- [00:01]
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This message comes from Capital One. Banking with Capital One helps you keep more money in your wallet with no fees or minimums on checking accounts. What's in your wallet terms apply. See capitalone.com bank for details. Capital One NA Member FDIC this is FRESH AIR.
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Dave Davies
I'm Dave Davies. We in the media regularly cover the decisions of powerful leaders in government and business and how they affect our lives. My guest today, veteran investigative reporter Philip Sheenan, has spent much of the last 10 years examining the impact of seven powerful men who've exercised a different kind of authority. They're the last seven popes of the Catholic Church, whose intense power struggles and doctrinal debates affect more than a billion Catholics in countless ways, whether they can use birth control or get an abortion or divorce and remain in good standing in the faith whether priests must forever remain unmarried and celibate or rule with little biblical authority. That fuels a drastic shortage of priests and leaves millions unable to regularly attend Mass or receive sacraments, whether same sex couples can be accepted in the church and whether sexual predators will be stopped and held accountable. Sinon's book is the story of a bold attempt to reform the church in the early 1960s and decades of backsliding that followed under pontiffs more comfortable with conservative traditions and in power concentrated in the Vatican. Philip Sheenan spent more than 20 years at the New York Times covering the Pentagon, the Justice Department, the State Department and Congress. His two previous books focused on the 911 investigation and unanswered questions about the Kennedy assassination. His new book is Jesus 7 Popes and the Battle for the Soul of the Catholic Church. Philip Sheenan, welcome back to FRESH air.
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Philip Sheenan
Dave, thanks for having me.
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Dave Davies
You know, I want to begin by talking just briefly about Pope Pius xii. He's the first pope in your book. He was there during World War II. And it's kind of striking and ironic that During World War II, the Pope in the Vatican at that time had a great familiarity with and affection for Germany. He'd been a Vatican diplomat in Germany. He is known for not having spoken out against Nazi crimes despite substantial evidence that he was aware of them. But there's even more you tell a story in the book, which was new to me, of this Pope Pius before he was pope, when he was an archbishop in Munich, meeting personally with a then rising Adolf Hitler. What happened here?
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Philip Sheenan
I think it's fair to say that Pacelli loved Germany more than he loved his homeland, Italy.
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Dave Davies
Pacelli being the name of the cardinal before he became pope. Yeah.
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Philip Sheenan
Right. And he is the Vatican's diplomatic representative to Bavaria and later to Germany for a dozen years War I. And he in Germany becomes much more alarmed about the potential rise of Marxist than fascists. And the story told by his former housekeeper is that he meets with Hitler in the diplomatic residence in Munich and hands him an envelope stuffed with cash that he wants Hitler to use to campaign against Marxists in Germany. And the housekeeper, and certainly others around Pius over the decades believed that his love of Germany affected much of his decision making and led to this decision throughout World War II to remain silent about the Holocaust.
- [03:31]
Dave Davies
This housekeeper, Sister Pasqualena Leonard, it turns out, was a very close advisor of Pius, wrote these interesting diaries, and it said that she actually advised him to speak out against the Nazis. And During World War II, when all this was happening. Right.
- [03:46]
Philip Sheenan
It's fascinating to discover her because there's reason to believe that this nun, Sister Pasqualina Leonard, this sort of tough willed barbarian nun, may have been one of the most influential women in the history of the Catholic Church. She was very close to Pius for decades. She was this housekeeper, but she also seems to have been a close advisor and she tells the story. There's some dispute about what she says about Pius, but she tells a Boston newspaperman that throughout the war she pressed Pius to speak out against Nazi Germany to protest the Holocaust and Pius would not give in to her pressure. There's also reason to believe that she had a hand in saving thousands of lives in Rome, the lives of Roman Jews, because when Nazi Germany marched into Rome in 1943, she pressured Pius to shelter thousands of Jews in Vatican City. And her role in the Vatican has largely gone untold because there's been an effort to make sure it's not told that there was a fear that the disclosure of her influence on Pius would be scandalous. Certainly the thought that a woman had this much influence on Pope would have been seen as scandalous at the time.
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Dave Davies
Before we leave Pope Pius, I want to mention the will. When he died, there was a very short will which was discovered. And, well, it was kind of surprising. What did it say?
- [05:19]
Philip Sheenan
Over the centuries, popes had left wills, they left documents that sort of established how their earthly belongings would be divided up and to thank their maids and advisors and to sort of highlight the accomplishments of their papacy. When Pius dies, there's a frantic search for his will, which is eventually found at the bottom of a locked desk drawer in the papal apartment. And his deputies are stunned by it because it's so short and it's simply a bleak plea for mercy. It's eight sentences long. He says nothing about his earthly belongings. He says nothing about his gratitude towards his aides and advisors. No mention of the accomplishments of his papacy. It's a plea for mercy from Go, and he talks about the need for forgiveness from those who he has sinned against or scandalized. There's a fierce debate after his death about why he would feel the need to make this bleak plea for mercy. There's certainly a theory offered that he knew that when the truth about his actions or inactions during World War II, in terms of not speaking out against the Holocaust became known, it would forever tarnish his legacy, that he needed God's mercy for his failings during World War II.
- [06:36]
Dave Davies
So in 1958, after Pope Pius dies, the cardinals in the Vatican gather to select the new Pope. We're all familiar with this ritual. They settle on an Italian bishop, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, who takes the name Pope John xxiii. He's short, quite overweight, not the most imposing figure visually, but you say, without saying so directly, he made it clear quickly that things were going to be different from the grim sobriety of the previous pope. What did he do?
- [07:04]
Philip Sheenan
Well, he's really the hero of this book, but he is this roly, poly Italian man, balding, treasures his peasant roots, who suddenly finds himself thrust into the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. And he makes clear from the very start that, as you say, the grim sobriety of Pius reign is over. He loves telling jokes. He loves mocking the idea of an infallible pope. He is really a blank slate when he's elected in terms of doctrinal matters. But he quickly makes clear that he's ready to overhaul the Catholic Church. He's ready to invite the world's bishops to come to Rome to remake it as they see fit without his interference. And this leads to the Second Vatican Council, where the world's bishops are invited to Rome and told they can remake the Church as they wish without his interference.
- [07:55]
Dave Davies
All right, let's talk about some of the issues of potential reform that came up at the Vatican II Council. Some issues that the Church was confronting. One of them was the long standing practice of requiring priests to remain unmarried and celibate. Now, there's a fascinating history here, right? This was not always the case. Right.
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Philip Sheenan
You know, going into this project, I think I had in the back of my mind the idea that, you know, the doctrine of priestly celibacy, that the priests couldn't marry and have families and all the rest of it, that this was sort of eternal and had been decreed in the Gospels. Well, that's not true at all. It's not in the Gospels. In fact, most of Jesus, apostles and the larger band of disciples, they were married. The APostle Peter, the first Bishop of Rome, had a wife and a mother in law. And in three of the four Gospels, Jesus heals his mother in law. What happens is after the first thousand years, after the crucifixion, a thousand years in which priests got married and had kids and knew the comfort and the chaos of a family, a strong willed pope in the 11th century by the name of Gregory decreed that from that moment on, priests and bishops could no longer marry. They had to be, in fact, fully celibate. And that included men who were then already married. Gregory's motivation, historians will tell you, had something to do with the scandals of a group of shockingly promiscuous bishops in Rome. But there's also reason to believe it had something to do with money. That if priests were allowed to marry and have children when they died, their estates, you know, their homes or anything else of value would be turned over to their survivors. Well, if you decree that priests can't marry, they can't have kids, the money goes to the Church. And over the history of the Church, many priests, many bishops had come from families of great wealth or royalty, in fact. And if you decree that they can have no family to leave their wealth to, that wealth comes to the Church. So Gregory's decision promised a vast new source of income for the Church.
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Dave Davies
So there's this requirement that priests can't marry and can't have sex. This has created a problem for the Church, hasn't it? A real shortage of priests.
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Philip Sheenan
Certainly in the last 150 years, there's been a true crisis created by the shortage of priests. Many priests, especially beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, decided they couldn't live this life of celibacy. And they left to marry and have families. And there are stories told about huge struggles of South America, for example, where there simply were no priests that Catholics who wanted to make a confession or who needed to organize a funeral or a christening. There was no priest to help them. And there was pressure at the Second Vatican Council to eliminate the doctrine of priestly celibacy to allow priests to begin to marry, to encourage more men to enter the priesthood.
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Dave Davies
There was another issue involving sexuality, and that is birth control. I mean, it was against Catholic doctrine. There was thought that perhaps it's time to change that. You write about a Belgian bishop, Leo Joseph Souenens, who talked about his experiences hearing the confessions of women and what this restriction meant for them in their lives.
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Philip Sheenan
Well, for generations, for centuries, Catholics understandably wanted to control the size of their families. But the Church opposed birth control and put that into writing in the 1930s. The Pope at the time decreed that birth control was a sin and therefore was banned for all Catholics. And that was issued in response to what was the sudden availability of reliable birth control in the form of latex condoms. And priests at the time, and in the decades that followed, commonly heard from women and from married couples that this was a terrible burden on them. They needed to be able to control the size of their families. They needed to be able to feed the kids they already had. And theologians will tell you there's actually not much justification for the ban. The New Testament says almost nothing about birth control. And by the time the Second Vatican Council was underway, there were many priests who intended to make sure that the ban on birth control was lifted. It remains in effect today.
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Dave Davies
Remarkably enough, there was one really significant change, which was it was decreed that they didn't have to. Priests did not have to conduct Mass solely in Latin, which meant that, you know, people around the world could understand more of what was being said. That was really the one enduring change, wasn't it?
- [12:43]
Philip Sheenan
There were several. I mean, the Vatican ii, it really was a revolutionary gathering. Even though I think to this day, most devout Catholics, including lots of devout Catholics I know, can't really tell you what happened at Vatican ii, in part because it was conducted in Latin. There's still a lot of confusion about exactly what happened and when. But since the 4th century, the church had decreed that all worship services be conducted in Latin, even though over the centuries, Latin became sort of a dead language to the world. Certainly by the 20th century, most Catholics didn't speak it. Even most bishops didn't really understand it. And there had been an effort over the centuries, and certainly in the 20th century by many theologians to try to convince popes to allow the Mass to be said in the vernacular in local languages. And popes had resisted that aggressively. Second Vatican Council. This question came before the world's bishops, and it was clear that most of them were eager to see an end to the Latin Mass, at least to an end to the exclusive use of Latin. And something that I learned in the course of this, that I hadn't really understood before, is that Jesus did not speak to his disciples in Latin. He spoke to them in Aramaic, which was similar to Hebrew. And then for 300 years after the Crucifixion the language of the Church was Greek. And it's only in the 4th century, when the Church, when church power moves to Rome, that Latin is introduced. So you can argue that Latin really hasn't been the appropriate language for hundreds of years. And this move to the vernacular becomes very popular. And today all Catholics can see and hear the changes of Vatican II for themselves by hearing the Mass performed in languages they understand.
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Dave Davies
I guess another thing that Pope John XXIII did make some progress on is changing Church doctrine on how the Catholic Church regarded other faiths, particularly Protestant faiths, but also particularly the Jewish faith. It was pretty harsh before that, right?
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Philip Sheenan
The Church, until the early 1960s, as I say, was a closed fortress. It just. It wouldn't really have dialogue with other faiths, was seen as sinful, blasphemous to have communication with other faiths. As a result of Vatican ii, the Church sort of embraced the modern world again and embraced dialogue with other faiths and especially with Judaism. In the 2000 years since the crucifixion, the Vatican sort of its formal doctrine was that all Jews, those ancient Jews who were responsible for Christ's crucifixion, jews of the 20th century and Jews yet to be born, were all held responsible for Jesus death. And it took John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council to end that, to exonerate Jews and to open dialogue with them, really for the first time in 2000 years.
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Dave Davies
So, Philip Sheenan, we talked about how Pope John xxiii, with the Second Vatican Council, initiated a lot of reforms in the Catholic Church. Some were enacted. The four popes who followed, by and large, didn't advance those efforts and in many cases, kind of reversed them. The Pope who immediately followed John XXIII was Pope Paul vi, the guy who was kind of reluctant to take it on and seemed to have come under the influence of some of the more conservatives in the Vatican. One of the things that John XXIII had done was he had developed a commission to investigate the subject of birth control. This was a pretty serious effort, wasn't it?
- [16:29]
Philip Sheenan
In 1962, Pope John sets up a secret commission that will determine whether or not the Church should lift the ban on birth control. He is open to the idea of lifting the ban. He dies shortly after the opening of the council. But the commission continues to meet. And on this commission are some of the most respected theologians in the Church, lots of very prominent lay people, lots of important bishops, influential bishops. And in 1966, it recommends to the Pope that the ban be lifted.
- [16:59]
Dave Davies
Right. And this is fascinating because Pope Paul vi, he issues this encyclical called Of Human Life, which fully rejects the findings of this commission about liberalizing rules on birth control and rejects it completely. What was the reaction in the Church among Catholics? How was it received?
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Philip Sheenan
So here we have a group of the most important theologians, some of the most influential churchmen, lots of prominent laymen from around the world who debated for four years this question and overwhelmingly conclude that birth control is not a violation of the Church's teachings, that Catholics around the world should be allowed to engage in family planning. And the Pope simply refuses to accept it. And that decision just horrified lots of very prominent churchmen. It horrified all of the members of that commission. And really, for the rest of his papacy, he was under siege for what people considered a disastrous mistake. And you've got to say the last several years of his papacy were painful for him because he just felt that he had lost the support of much of the church.
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Dave Davies
Right. Polling showed that Catholics everywhere disapproved of this, and clergy in the Netherlands basically revolted. Right.
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Philip Sheenan
Well, not only did people protest, opinion polls showed that Catholics around the world were just ignoring the papal decree that they used birth control. They thought they wanted to control this of their families. You know, in those days in the 1960s, there was a great concern about, you know, worldwide poverty and over population and the population bomb. It's clear from opinion polling at the time that millions of American Catholics continued to use birth control.
- [18:42]
Dave Davies
You know, this backsliding and essentially rejection of the reforms of Vatican II lasted over the next four popes that followed John xxiii, you know, all who were different from each other in one way or another, but they pretty much used their power to impede or roll back these reforms. I wonder, have you reflected on what motivated so many of these popes to resist change and embrace practices out of step with the lives so many Catholics were leading?
- [19:10]
Philip Sheenan
Well, you know, there's that famous aphorism about how power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. That was said in reaction to the First Vatican Council. It was said in reaction to the power of the Pope that when these men were offer absolute power, they were determined to hold onto it. And, you know, so many of the reforms that Vatican II was supposed to inspire, so many of the reforms that the world's Catholics had sought, the move to openness and tolerance meant popes had to give up power. And what we've learned is that popes are very resistant to giving up power. They want to. They appreciate the fact that they are essentially absolute monarchs. And as a result, many of the reforms that a lot of Catholics consider just sort of common sense have never been enacted.
- [20:05]
Dave Davies
We need to take another break here. Let me reintroduce you. We are speaking with Philip Sheenan. He is a veteran investigative reporter. His new book is Jesus 7 Popes and the Battle for the Soul of the Catholic Church. He'll be back to talk more after this short break. I'm Dave Davies. This is FRESH air.
- [20:22]
Philip Sheenan
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- [21:04]
Dave Davies
Is Molly CV Nesburg, digital producer at Fresh Air.
- [21:07]
Terry Gross
And this is Terry Gross, host of the show.
- [21:09]
Dave Davies
One of the things I do is.
- [21:10]
Philip Sheenan
Write the weekly newsletter, and I'm a newsletter fan.
- [21:13]
Terry Gross
I read it every Saturday after breakfast. The newsletter includes all the week shows, the staff recommendations and Molly picks, timely.
- [21:20]
Dave Davies
Highlights from the archive.
- [21:21]
Terry Gross
It's a fun read.
- [21:22]
Dave Davies
It's also the only place where we tell you what's coming up next week.
- [21:25]
Terry Gross
An exclusive, so subscribe@whyy.org fresh air. And look for an email from Molly every Saturday morning.
- [21:35]
Dave Davies
I wanted to return to a moment with Pope Paul VI, who was the one after John XXIII in the 60s and 70s. He was the pope, and he had affirmed the church's ban on birth control despite the recommendation of a commission that had been established which favored relaxing the rules. And this happened in the late 60s, when there were a lot of sweeping cultural changes, including the sexual revolution, which certainly troubled church conservatives. And in 1975, Pope Paul was so angry about the criticism he received about the birth control issue and the rejection of his views, that he directed the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, that's a unit within the Vatican, to release a long declaration on sexual morality which had hardened condemnations of extramarital sex, masturbation, even homosexuality. That really prompted some revelations in the press about Paul's personal life.
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Philip Sheenan
What happened after the 1968 decree on birth control, where he keeps the ban in place. He really feels under Siege for the rest of his papacy, he feels sort of openly mocked and defied. He sort of becomes fixated on the idea of this wanton sinfulness going on all around the world, much of it tied to the sexual revolution of the 1960s. He asked the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which is the doctrinal agency of the Vatican, to prepare a document that will sort of establish once and for all the Church's views on sexual morality. The document is produced in 1975 and is a condemnation of masturbation and promiscuity. And much of it is focused on homosexuality. And what the Vatican sees is the sinfulness of homosexuality. Actually. I think it declares that homosexuals are intrinsically disordered. I think that was the wording. And I don't think Paul foresaw the sort of chain of events that would follow. But very quickly, he became engulfed in a scandal in Italy in which people were talking openly about rumors that he himself was gay. An Italian news magazine published an article by a prominent gay French writer in which the writer said he was well aware of the fact that the Pope was gay, that he had a boyfriend in Milan. And this became a huge sensation in Italy, and I think mortified Paul vi. He was apparently just catatonic with fear that he was going to be involved in this humiliating scandal over his own sexuality.
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Dave Davies
You know, and you note that this raised the question among some whether the church's failure to address sexual abuse among the clergy was influenced, at least in part, by the fact that high ranking church officials themselves had their own closely guarded sexual secrets.
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Philip Sheenan
You know, the priesthood in many ways is a brotherhood in which, you know, priests and bishops look upon these other men as essentially their family. They have no wife and kids. They have no partner and kids. These other men are their family, and they need to protect their family members. And, you know, I think the research that's available to us shows an awful lot of priests do violate their celibacy vows. A lot of bishops and cardinals violate their celibacy vows, and they are eager to cover up for one another. And I think there was a concern that Paul and other popes, you know, concerned that their own sexual histories might be questioned, went out of their ways to try to protect other churchmen from revelations about their own sexual activity.
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Dave Davies
You note that there's been some studies by former clergy on this issue who have, you know, some professional training in mental health. I mean, there was a Father Kennedy, who was a Loyola psychologist, and then later a former priest and monk, Richard Sip, who became a psychotherapist and treated clergymen. Both of them kind of mused upon what the celibacy vow that is imposed on clergy, the psychological effect that it had that might have played a role in this abuse scandal. What did they conclude?
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Philip Sheenan
The American Church hierarchy really ignored questions about sexual misconduct or sexual crimes by priests for generations. But in the 1970s, the American Bishops Conference in the US produced a study that found that American priests, a large percentage of them, were emotionally stunted, that they had sort of the emotional development of a teenager. And, you know, there was concern that this was linked to the doctrine of priestly celibacy, that priests became so obsessed with suppressing their sexuality that they weren't developing into fully formed, emotionally healthy human beings.
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Dave Davies
You know, the scandal of sexual abuse in the church has been widely reported. And I think it's fair to say from a reading of your book that none of the popes that you write about confronted this terrible problem honestly and forcefully. All of them, in varying degrees, protected predators. In your research, did you come across any documents on this that really surprised you?
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Philip Sheenan
I think the single most eye popping document I came across in all my years of research was a letter written in 1999 by Cardinal John O'Connor of New York, arguably the most powerful churchman in America, to Pope John Paul II. And to back up a bit, Cardinal O'Connor had just been informed that he was about to die. He just had brain surgery. He had only weeks to live. And one of his final acts on this earth was to write this letter in late 1999 that was a dire warning to the Pope that he must not promote Archbishop Theodore McCarrick, who was then based in Newark, New Jersey. He must not be promoted to any higher office in the church because of widespread, well known evidence that he was a sexual predator. And O'Connor offers quite explicit information about McCarrick, including the fact that he liked to invite young men to his home for dinner and then insists that they sleep with him in his bed. Even though this letter is presented at the Pope by a respected senior churchman in the United States, Pope John Paul ignores this warning from Cardinal O'Connor and ignores warnings from lots of other senior Vatican officials who also know about McCarrick and still promotes him to a membership in the College of Cardinals and makes him Archbishop of Washington, D.C. and McCarrick then goes on for decades to continue to be involved in sexual misconduct with young men and boys.
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Dave Davies
You know, his case also brings up something which kind of shocked me when I read it in your book, was that it's perfectly acceptable for bishops in the Vatican to accept large cash gifts. And in fact, there was one that Father McCarrick himself, when he was under suspicion of sexual abuse, gave a $250,000 check to. I believe it was the newly elected pope, then, Benedict xvi. Is this right?
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Philip Sheenan
This has been going on for centuries that bishops and cardinals in Rome can accept large cash gifts. And there's always been concern that essentially this is a form of bribery, that you could buy the favor of a bishop or cardinal by giving him a big gift or by giving him a trip or by giving him the renovation of his apartment, as often happened. And McCarrick was well known in Rome as a man with access to a lot of cash. He was one of the best fundraisers in the church. He gave a lot of big gifts to bishops and cardinals. And certainly it appears that he's giving these gifts in part to buy their cooperation and to allow himself to advance within the church to prevent any sort of investigation of his sexual misconduct. He has a personal charity fund that raises millions of dollars, and the single largest check ever written from his personal charity account was a check for a quarter million dollars to Pope Benedict shortly after Pope Benedict was elected in 2005. And this comes at a particularly important moment for McCarrick because he's now facing mandatory retirement age of 75. He wants to remain in his post. And, sir, the concern is that he made this big secret gift to the pope in hopes of staying in place in Washington. And in fact, that's what happened. He was then allowed to remain in his post for another couple of I should point out that Benedict and his aides denied that was any sort of quid pro quo. But McCarrick remained in place in Washington, a decision made by the Pope. Shortly after McCarrick presents the Pope with a quarter million dollars.
- [30:54]
Dave Davies
I want to take one more break here. Let me reintroduce you. We are speaking with Philip Sheenan, a veteran investigative reporter. His new book is Jesus 7 Popes and the Battle for the Soul of the Catholic Church. We'll continue our conversation after this break. This is FRESH air.
- [31:10]
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- [31:39]
Dave Davies
Well, I want to talk about Pope Francis, the current pope, who, as you and I record this, is suffering from pneumonia. Hope he does well and recovers. He was elected in 2013, and he took the name of Francis of Assisi, the 13th century cleric who wore rags and focused on the needs of the poor. It's interesting that when he took office, the initial impression kind of reminds you of John xxiii, the guy who initiated the second vatical council in that Francis sort of rejected some of the finer trappings of the office. Tell us about that.
- [32:16]
Philip Sheenan
The comparison was made pretty early on that Francis was much like John XXIII in that he was talking about sort of an end to the closed fortress, authoritarian church. He wanted to move the church toward, you know, declarations of mercy and tolerance, that he wanted to put the church out of the business of heresy hunting. And he also, I think, delighted millions of Catholics by sort of rejecting all the sort of the pompous trappings of the papacy. He refused and continues to refuse to live in the papal palace. He lives in a small guest house. He refused, you know, the big Mercedes sedan that popes had traditionally used. He's, you know, by giving up the trappings of power, he's got a moral legitimacy that has a lot of appeal to millions of Catholics.
- [33:05]
Dave Davies
So, you know, what about some of the rules that had been in place for so long that had been controversial, like the refusal to provide communion to Catholics who had been divorced, giving sacraments to gay couples, that kind of thing? What's actually changed?
- [33:22]
Philip Sheenan
Little has changed in terms of formal doctrine. And I think one great concern about Pope Francis is since he hasn't made these sort of substantial changes in church teachings, a future pope could just reverse them as easily as Francis put them into place. But Francis has gone out of his way to reach out to gay Catholics, to divorced Catholics. He's made it much easier for divorced couples to get annulments that allow them to remarry. He's also allowed them to receive communion, which had been denied to divorced Catholics for centuries. He made it possible a couple of years ago for priests to offer blessings at gay weddings, even though that decision created an awful lot of scandal among, you know, conservative Catholics around the world.
- [34:11]
Dave Davies
And what about the attitude towards birth control and abortion? Any change there?
- [34:17]
Philip Sheenan
In the course of his career in the church, Francis has often talked of abortion as being a sin, but he's also talked of the need to offer the Women seeking abortions, a sense of mercy and forgiveness. In terms of birth control. I must say, given what I now know of this history, I find it remarkable. He didn't lift the ban on birth control because it would be easy to do. It would be embraced by most of the most influential theologians in the church, but for whatever reason, it remains in place to this day.
- [34:53]
Dave Davies
You know, one of the ways that a pope has impact, apart from what he says about doctrine and practice, is who he appoints. I mean, there's a lot of authority. They appoint cardinals. And I'm wondering, it seems you think that there might be some liberalizing impact of his appointments within the Vatican.
- [35:12]
Philip Sheenan
Right after Pope Benedict died a couple of years ago, Francis moved quickly to move out. A lot of churchmen who were seen to be associated with Benedict, you know, arch conservatives, and, you know, Francis selects everybody. He is the absolute monarch. He can choose all of the personnel around him. Over the course of his papacy, he has remade the College of Cardinals, which is the body that will choose his successor. You know, 80% of the cardinals who will vote in the next conclave to choose the next pope are men who were put there by Francis. So I think there's a feeling that even if Francis hasn't been the dramatic reformer people had hoped he would be, he's put in place in the College of Cardinals a group of men who will choose a successor who maybe who may have had the same agenda as Francis and may feel empowered to do much more to achieve it.
- [36:10]
Dave Davies
Does Francis have a better record in terms of dealing with the sexual abuse crisis within the Church than his predecessors?
- [36:17]
Philip Sheenan
I think he faces a lot of justifiable criticism for having not done nearly enough about the child sexual abuse crisis. He had a checkered record on that in Argentina. I think we have several instances now when it's clear he was very slow to act against churchmen known to be sexual predators, including men who would be described as his friends. And I think there's been a general sense of disappointment that he hasn't done much more on that front.
- [36:45]
Dave Davies
You know, the Pope and the Vatican have been portrayed in various films and movies over the years. Recently we had the movie Conclave starring Ralph Fiennes. How do you find the portrayals of popes in the Vatican in TV and movies that we've seen?
- [36:59]
Philip Sheenan
You can tell that the screenwriter had a lot of fun because there are several cardinals who seem to be based on real cardinals, and elements of their battling in the film reflect real battling that has gone on within the Vatican bureaucracy in Recent years. And of course, you know, a centerpiece of the film is the question of sexual abuse and sexual misconduct. And you know, we know those are battles that are fought. Those are debates that are held within the Vatican all the time.
- [37:31]
Dave Davies
You know, in the movie conclave, there were these details about how the cardinals are truly kept isolated and unable to communicate. You know, windows are covered, cell phones not available. Is that true? Is that.
- [37:43]
Philip Sheenan
That's all true. I say they got the pageantry, they got the logistics right. When the cardinals gather for a conclave, their cell phones are taken away from them. There's electronic jamming equipment, so they can't communicate with the outside world. The shutters are sealed. They really are supposed to have no communication with the outside world. It appears they often are able to establish some sort of communication, but they are supposedly forbidden from doing it.
- [38:11]
Dave Davies
And are there caucuses among like minded cardinals on the side?
- [38:15]
Philip Sheenan
Absolutely. It's a bit like any congress or parliament you've ever heard of. You know, there's lobbying, there's pressure, there are factions that square off against one another. You know, it's a political place. The Pope is an absolute monarch, but he is elected through a democratic process of debating among the world's cardinals.
- [38:39]
Dave Davies
You know, in this book you point out a lot of hypocrisy and corruption in the church. And some may regard the book or maybe this interview as anti Catholic. After all of these years of research, how do you regard the value or harm of this institution?
- [38:57]
Philip Sheenan
Whatever your religious background, you have to admire much of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The message of mercy and tolerance is a noble one. You don't have to be a Christian to see the wisdom of what Jesus Christ offered to the world 2,000 years ago. That there is this institution that claims to act in his name, I think would surprise the Savior and would surprise his disciples and apostles. And I think they would be enormously disappointed by how often the Roman Catholic Church fails to live up to the message of the gospel and how often it has allowed itself to be corrupted by very human weaknesses.
- [39:44]
Dave Davies
And yet it endures. I mean, more than a billion people are still there, right? Presumably getting some comfort and value from it.
- [39:52]
Philip Sheenan
Absolutely. And you know, 1.3 billion people will wake up tomorrow to identify themselves as Catholics and they will continue to have their lives influenced in all sorts of ways by the message that the Vatican offers. There are still, though, many millions of Catholics and especially Catholic women who really have no say in their church, who are desperate to see the church continue to open up and be a more tolerant and merciful place in line with the message of the gospel.
- [40:24]
Dave Davies
Well, Philip Sheenan, thank you so much for speaking with us.
- [40:27]
Philip Sheenan
Thanks, Dave.
- [40:29]
Dave Davies
Philip Sheenan is a veteran investigative Reporter who spent 20 years with the New York Times. His new book is Jesus 7 Popes and the Battle for the Soul of the Catholic Church. Coming up, John Powers reviews a new autobiographical novel by Brigitte Giraud which looks back at the accident that killed her husband. This is FRESH air. In the new autobiographical novel Live Fast, Brigitte Giraud looks back at the accident that killed her husband. She speculates on the many ways that tragedy could have turned out differently. The book won the French equivalent of the Booker Prize. Our critic at large, John Powers, says that he read it in a sitting and it left him thinking about how we all want to rewrite the past.
- [41:13]
Terry Gross
Last week I had dinner with friends who'd lost everything in the recent LA fires. They spent their days filling out forms, being put on hold and assembling the ordinary stuff they and their kids need to live. By night, they did something different. They played events over and over in their heads, agonizing about what ifs. What if there'd been less flammable stuff in their yard? What if they hadn't forgotten to save certain important papers? What if they'd been warned to evacuate hours earlier, like the people on the other side of town? Such stewing, with its mix of regret, self recrimination and anger, is a profoundly human response to catastrophe. It achieves some sort of apotheosis in Brigitte Giraud's haunting book Live Fast, which won France's top literary prize in 2022. A work of auto fiction, Live Fast looks back at the death of Giraud's husband Claude in a motorcycle accident 20 odd years earlier and ponders the many things that might have prevented this calamity. In the process, Giraud wanders the maze of life's great conundrum, the dance between chance and destiny. The basic facts are simple. On June 22, 1999, Claude, a 41 year old music librarian, borrowed the ultra powerful Honda CBR 900 Fireblade that his brother in law had left in his and Brigitte's garage. While on vacation, heading to pick up his son after school, Claude stopped at a red light. When it turned green, he hit the gas and the monster engine caused it to pop, an unexpected wheelie flinging Claude into oncoming traffic. Giroux explores this tragedy not with a straightforward narrative, but like someone taking apart one of those Rube Goldberg contraptions that uses crazy, convoluted ways to accomplish a simple task. Each chapter explains a step that, if it only hadn't happened, might have stopped the accident. These steps include everything from her grandfather's suicide to her brother taking a sudden holiday to the development of the Honda CBR 900, which she calls a bomb for kamikazes. This motorcycle was invented in Japan but was considered so dangerous it couldn't be sold there. But it could be exported to Europe if only it hadn't been. Now some of Giraud's if onlys are far fetched, like thinking that things might have been different if Stephen King, one of Claude's favorites, had been killed in his famous auto accident three days earlier. Others are self punishing, like asking what if she hadn't wanted to buy the house that contained the garage that stored her brother's motorcycle that Claude would die on? It's always important to blame something or someone, she writes wryly, even if that someone is you. Giraud gives all this what if ing a lucidity that might feel forensic except for one big thing. It's not cold blooded. In Corey Stockwell's fine translation, Live Fast takes what could seem like an intellectual exercise, a strange sort of catechism, and slowly, touchingly, infuses it with emotion. We start feeling Giraud's enduring love for her husband, a soulmate who becomes more real the more she writes. She knows him so well, adoring both the elegant, refined, discreet modest Claude and his dark side, his B side, who enjoyed bombing along on a motorbike. Of course, there's a slightly nutty side to Giraud's obsessive attempts to rewrite the past. Yet I think every single reader will understand her. It's a desire we've all felt, a desire that's inspired everything from Greek ideas of the Fates to cheesy episodes of Star Trek to Joan Didion's the Year of Magical Thinking. Giroux understands that we can't roll back time and have a do over. There's no such thing as if only, she says. But thinking about such things offers a form of distraction, if not consolation. We gain a saving illusion of control over losses that feel less random when we can weave them into a kind of story that seems to explain them. Such weaving helps fight a crushing sense of meaninglessness until we're able to move on. Which is how Giraud comes out the other side of her grief. And why Live Fast is not a downer clocking in at a snappy 159 pages. This is one of those rare books that works in two directions. It pulls you completely into its reality. Believe me, it's a page turner, but also sends you back out into the mystery of living. It gets you pondering your own losses and how you deal with all those what ifs that rise up in every life.
- [46:07]
Dave Davies
John Powers reviewed the novel Live Fast by Brigitte Giroux. On tomorrow's show, we get a revealing look at the children of an aging billionaire as they maneuver for control of their father media empire. When he passes away. It's not HBO succession, but the real life family drama surrounding Rupert Murdoch and Fox News. We'll speak with the Atlantic staff writer McKay Coppens. I hope you can join us. Fresh Air's executive producer is Danny Miller. Our technical director and engineer is Audrey Bentham. Our managing producer is Sam Brigger. Our interviews and reviews are produced and edited by Phyllis Meyers, Ann Marie Baldonado, Lauren Krenzel, Teresa Madden, Monique Nazareth, Thea Chaloner, Susan Yakundi, Anna Bauman and Joel Wolfram. Our digital media producer is Molly CV Nesper. Roberta Shorrock directs the show. From Terry Gross and Tonya Mosley. I'm Dave Davies.
- [47:05]
Philip Sheenan
Hey, it's hey Martinez. I work on a news show and yeah, the news can feel like a lot on any given day, but you just can't ignore la noticias when important world changing events are happening. So that is where the Upverse podcast comes in. Every single morning in under 15 minutes, we take the news and boil it down to three essential stories so you can keep up without feeling stressed out. Listen to the upverse Podcast from npr. There is a lot happening right now.
- [47:32]
Dave Davies
In the world of economics. You may have heard about the president's.
- [47:35]
Philip Sheenan
Desire for a sovereign wealth fund fund. If your country is small, well governed and has a surplus, it is probably a good idea.
- [47:43]
Dave Davies
We are not any of those.
- [47:44]
Terry Gross
We're here to cover federal buyouts, the cost of deportation and so much more.
- [47:49]
Philip Sheenan
Tune in to NPR's the Indicator from Planet Money.