Gone Medieval: Old Sarum – Stronghold of Norman England

Episode Release Date: October 25, 2024

Introduction to Old Sarum

In this episode of Gone Medieval, host Matt Lewis welcomes Dr. Eleanor Yonega, an esteemed archaeologist and associate professor at Swansea University, to delve into the rich history of Old Sarum—a pivotal yet often underappreciated site in Norman England. Dr. Yonega, co-editor of Tale of Two Cities, Settlement and Suburb, brings a decade of research to the discussion, offering fresh perspectives on this monumental hill fort and its transformation through the ages.

Historical Significance of Old Sarum

Dr. Yonega begins by outlining the origins of Old Sarum, emphasizing its roots as an Iron Age hill fort. She explains, “The earliest substantial evidence is that it's an Iron Age hill fort...three Roman roads converge on the east gate” (05:02). This strategic location made it a central node in the Roman network of towns and roads in southern England. Transitioning into the early medieval period, Old Sarum gains prominence during the late Anglo-Saxon era, particularly in the 10th and 11th centuries under kings like Aethelred and Edgar.

Old Sarum in the Anglo-Saxon and Viking Periods

When discussing Old Sarum’s role during the Anglo-Saxon and Viking periods, Dr. Yonega notes its relative obscurity compared to Winchester. “It doesn't compare. It's a really tricky one because what evidence we have for Old Sarum in the early medieval period is limited” (05:19). Despite sparse records, the presence of a mint in the early 11th century suggests emerging prominence. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle references Viking raids in Old Sarum, indicating its strategic importance even before the Norman conquest.

Norman Conquest and the Transformation of Old Sarum

The conversation shifts to the pivotal role Old Sarum played during the Norman conquest. Dr. Yonega highlights how William the Conqueror recognized Old Sarum’s potential as a symbol of his new reign. “The castle was referred to...probably in the early 1060s,” she explains (13:30). William’s construction of the Motte (MO) and the castle’s symmetrical layout were deliberate acts of propaganda, reinforcing Norman authority and mirroring the grandeur of Roman infrastructure.

A key moment discussed is the Oath of Sarum, where William solidified his rule. Dr. Yonega reflects, “That's when William holds some of his less than enthusiastic nobles to account...a stage for performing power” (26:31). This ceremony at Old Sarum was more than a mere event; it was a strategic move to establish Norman dominance and legitimize William’s kingship.

Archaeological Insights and Discoveries

Dr. Yonega shares insights from recent archaeological surveys conducted by Dr. Chris Strutt at Southampton University. These surveys revealed a bustling inner castle beneath the Motte, filled with Roman and possibly late Anglo-Saxon artifacts. “They found quite a lot of Roman pottery...and a walled structure, likely a late Anglo-Saxon church tower” (40:40). These findings suggest that Old Sarum was a melting pot of cultures and influences, meticulously altered by the Normans to serve their imperial ambitions.

Decline of Old Sarum’s Prominence

Despite its significant role post-conquest, Old Sarum’s prominence was short-lived. Dr. Yonega attributes this decline to the fracturing of Norman authority during the Anarchy—a civil war in England from 1135 to 1153. “By 1139...the link between the king and Old Sarum is broken...the project of Old Sarum is also over” (36:23). Additionally, the awkward placement of the cathedral within the castle complex hindered its growth as a religious and administrative center.

Preservation and Modern-Day Significance

In discussing the future of Old Sarum, Dr. Yonega emphasizes the challenges posed by reduced funding for heritage sites. “We have to be creative and think a little bit outside of the box...Old Sarum failed” (37:45). Despite these challenges, she advocates for greater public engagement and innovative storytelling to preserve Old Sarum’s legacy. Highlighting the efforts of English Heritage, she encourages listeners to visit and explore the extensive exhibits at Salisbury Museum, which showcase artifacts from Old Sarum.

Conclusion

The episode concludes with Matt Lewis reflecting on the integral role Old Sarum played in Norman England. Dr. Yonega emphasizes that Old Sarum serves as an archaeological document, offering invaluable insights into the Norman psyche and their methods of consolidating power. “If we want to look for an archaeological document that gives us a window into the Norman psyche...Old Sarum is up there as a document, as you say, with the Domesday Book” (29:20).

Notable Quotes

• “The earliest substantial evidence is that it's an Iron Age hill fort...three Roman roads converge on the east gate.” – Dr. Eleanor Yonega (05:02)

• “The castle was referred to...probably in the early 1060s.” – Dr. Eleanor Yonega (13:30)

• “That's when William holds some of his less than enthusiastic nobles to account...a stage for performing power.” – Dr. Eleanor Yonega (26:31)

• “If we want to look for an archaeological document that gives us a window into the Norman psyche...Old Sarum is up there as a document, as you say, with the Domesday Book.” – Dr. Eleanor Yonega (29:20)

Final Thoughts

Gone Medieval’s episode on Old Sarum offers a comprehensive exploration of this Norman stronghold’s rise and fall. Through Dr. Yonega’s expert analysis, listeners gain a deeper understanding of Old Sarum’s strategic importance, architectural innovations, and its ultimate decline in the face of shifting political landscapes. This detailed narrative not only highlights Old Sarum’s historical significance but also underscores the importance of preserving such sites for future generations.

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