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Hidden History with Dr. Harini Bhat
Princes in the Tower: The Murder Mystery that Inspired Game of Thrones
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This is rewind. Did you know that in 1483, a shadowy coup nearly brought the nation of England to its knees? One that people still debate to this day and helped inspire Game of Thrones. I'm talking about the disappearance of the heir to the English throne and his brother, known as the princes in the tower. And once they were out of the way, their uncle took the crown instead of. So was this murder most foul, or did the princes somehow escape with their lives? To this day, nobody knows for sure, but scholars and scientists are still hunting for answers. Today we'll do our best to make sense of all the theories and separate fact from Shakespearean fiction. I'm Dr. Hornybott, and this is Hidden a Rewind Original powered by Pave Studios. On the show, we're exploring real events from history that have yet to be fully explained and examining all the different theories, from science to the supernatural and everything in between. From vanished civilizations and doomsday prophecies to paranormal experiences and unexplained phenomena. I'm looking at it all and I want you to join me. Before we begin, I'd love it if you could rate, review and follow Hidden History. Your support allows our community to grow and for other people to discover the show. Today, I'm talking about the princes in the tower. Two boys who should have ruled England and instead vanished inside one of the most fortified buildings in the world. It's a mystery that's gone unsolved for over 500 years. And it has everything. A scheming uncle, a stolen crown, a coverup that rewrote history, and a secret that researchers might finally be cracking open. Right now.
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April 9, 1483. A 12 year old boy sits alone in Ludlow Castle, a fortified stronghold about 150 miles from London. His name is Edward and as of today, he is the King of England. His father, King Edward IV, just died after a 10 day illness. The crown passes to his son automatically. Under normal circumstances, this would call for celebrations, feasts, jousts, the whole spectacle. But nothing about this coronation is going to be a party. Before we can talk about what happened next, you need to understand what came before. For nearly three decades, England had been torn apart by a conflict known as the wars of the Roses. And behind the flowery title was all the courtly intrigue you could imagine. Here's the setup. Two powerful noble families both believed they had the strongest claim to the English throne. On one side, the House of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose. On the other, the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. Both families trace their lineage back to King Edward III, who ruled from 1327 to 1377. After he died, the crown eventually went to the Lancasters, but the Yors were waiting in the wings for their chance to strike. Fast forward to 1455. King Henry VI was weak, easily manipulated and indecisive. It was the opening the Yorks were looking for. They claimed their bloodline gave them a stronger right to rule, raise an army, and after years of brutal fighting, they won. Our young Prince's father, Edward IV, defeated Henry VI in 1461 and took the crown. If this sounds familiar, it's because George R.R. martin has openly said the wars of the Roses was a major inspiration for Game of Thrones. The political betrayals, the shifting alliances, the sudden reversals of fortune, all of it just without dragons. Edward IV was the new top dog. But almost immediately, he made a decision that blew everything up when he secretly married a woman named Elizabeth Woodville. Now, Elizabeth wasn't a commoner, she was a noblewoman. So no big deal, right? Well, here's the thing. Sure, she was a noble, just not noble enough. The lords who'd helped Edward win the throne expected him to marry strategically, maybe into foreign royalty. There are levels to this game and the Woodvilles weren't anywhere close to the top. And to add insult to injury, Edward was doing everything he could to elevate the Woodvilles think titles, wealth and influence. The old guard was furious. Things got so bad that the Earl of Warwick, one of the Most powerful men in England and one of Edward's key allies completely defected to the Lancaster's side, along with Edward's own brother, George. Together they pulled off what's called the redemption of 1470. They briefly put Henry VI back on the throne and drove Edward into exile. It was brother against brother and things weren't letting up. Before long, Edward came back from exile, crushed the Lancastrian forces and started methodically eliminating any of Henry's remaining heirs who could challenge him again. Meanwhile, Henry VI was sent back to the Tower of London, where he died in captivity at age 49. And here's where all of this backstory really starts to come into play. One, it shows us how brutal both sides were when it came to establishing legitimacy. Brother against brother, the merciless elimination of all challengers, whatever it took to win. And two, it introduces us to a major character in this story, the Tower of London. Now, calling it a tower is a bit of a misnomer. It's really more like a giant fortified complex, complete with a royal palace. It's where the royal jewels are kept and back then, where the realm's greatest enemies were imprisoned. Like I mentioned, it's where Henry VI met his end. Which brings us to the third important piece from the Redemption, a royal murder mystery. Before Henry died, he seemed to be in decent health. And when his body was buried, some witnesses noted there was blood on his body, suggesting he might have been bludgeoned to death. In 1910, a study of what was believed to be his remains showed that his skull may have been violently broken. But no one was ever charged, no one was ever convicted. The Tower of London had just reached earned a dark new reputation. The place where political prisoners go to disappear. With his enemies defeated, Edward IV ruled in relative peace from 1471 until his death in 1483. The economy was stable, the royal budget was balanced, and standing right beside him was his younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Richard was exceptionally capable, and unlike Edward's older brother, George, who was executed in 1478 for treason, he actually seemed loyal. So Edward gave Richard real responsibility, sending him to govern the north of England. By all accounts, Richard did a great job. He set up a council to govern the north, giving important allies a formal say in how things were run. He built genuine goodwill with the landed gentry, the civic leaders, the people who made things actually run. Richard was popular. That popularity made Edward's life much easier. But here's the thing about people who are genuinely brilliant at politics. They understand power better than anyone. They can see every Angle every vulnerability, every gap. And Edward had a major blindside. His wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Even with their opposition crushed, Edward still faced a court full of nobles who resented the Woodvilles and their outsized influence. Richard helped keep the peace, acting as a buffer between Edward and the angry old guard. But it was always a ticking time bomb, and In April of 1483, that bomb went off. When Edward IV suddenly died, England went into crisis mode. His son, also named Edward, was now king. But Edward v was only 12 years old, and most of the royal court thought he was too young to rule without guidance. Not only that, but if young Edward was allowed to rule on his own, the Woodvilles would have a lot of influence over him. And that definitely couldn't happen. Edward IV had seen this coming. Before he died, he named his brother Richard the Lord Protector of both his sons. That made him legally responsible for the boy's care and for managing the kingdom until young Edward came of age. In theory, this put Richard in charge of everything, and he knew it. After his brother died, Richard intercepted young Edward on his way to London from Ludlow Castle, presenting himself as the boy's loyal protector there to escort the new king safely to London for his coronation. And according to Richard, there were enemies in their midst. The next day, he arrested every single member of Edward's traveling entourage. That included Edward's uncle, Anthony Woodville. Richard accused the whole group of conspiring against the king, which he didn't really have any evidence for. But Richard wasn't charged and nobody was questioning. So Anthony and the others were locked up, leaving Richard as his nephew's sole guardian for the long journey to the capital. Meanwhile, back in London, Elizabeth Woodville was hearing all about this and she panicked. She grabbed her younger son, Richard. I know lots of Edwards and Richards here. Then fled with him and her daughters to Westminster Abbey for sanctuary. Under medieval law that made them untouchable, even a king couldn't arrest someone sheltering in a church. And for a moment, it looked like a stalemate. The elder Richard arrived in London with Edward V. The coronation was still technically happening, although Richard quietly pushed the date back from May 4, 1483, to June 22. And again, he didn't need to explain himself. Then came his next move. Richard pressured Elizabeth Woodville to release her younger son from sanctuary. His argument was that Edward needed companionship while he waited for Coronation Day. Elizabeth went along with it. Young Richard, just nine years old, left the safety of Westminster Abbey and joined his brother Edward in the Tower of London, which meant their uncle had control over everyone ahead of him in the line of succession. With both boys in his grasp, Richard indefinitely postponed the coronation. This time, he did give a reason. And it was a bombshell. According to Richard, there were rumors that the princes were illegitimate. He said that Edward IV had been secretly betrothed to another woman before Elizabeth Woodville, which would have invalidated their marriage, thereby making the boys unable to inherit the throne. The powerful families at court could sense which way the wind was blowing. This was their chance to cut the Woodvilles off at the knees. So on June 25, 1483, a group of nobles petitioned Parliament to declare both princes incapable of succeeding to the crown. They got their wish. And that same day, Anthony Woodville and the members of Edward's arrested entourage were executed. Richard's most dangerous opponents were gone. And on July 6, 1483, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was crowned King of England as Richard iii. While the new king was enjoying his rise to power, the two princes, Edward, the former heir to the throne, and his little brother, the younger Richard, were held in the inner apartments of the Tower of London. And things seemed to fine. Witnesses reported seeing them around the grounds. At first, like any kids, they played outside when they could, trying to cobble together some sense of a normal life in anything but normal situation. But they could sense something was wrong, especially Edward. An Italian cleric reported that Edward was frequently seen seeking confession and repentance, Almost like he could sense that the end was near. And he wasn't the only one who knew that time was short. There were multiple rescue attempts to get the boys out of the Tower, but Richard crushed them all. After that, the boys were seen less and less around the grounds. And then they disappeared completely. By late 1483, rumors were spreading that the princes were dead. Richard never tried to prove otherwise. He never opened an investigation. He never publicly addressed the rumors at all. But he could only turn a blind eye to it for so long. And just as Richard thought his reign was taking off, it came to a screeching halt.
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With the Princess out of sight and Richard hoping out of mind, he turns his attention to ruling the kingdom. But the rest of the country wasn't so ready to move on. Although plenty of people had gone along with this plan to declare young Edward and Richard illegitimate, their apparent murders was a step too far. The circumstances of Richard's takeover were so violent, so blatant, that even people who'd originally supported him were horrified. A faction of disaffected Yorkists from Richard's own house joined forces with the last remaining Lancastrian exiles from the wars of the Roses. Together, they rallied around a man named Henry Tudor, a distant Lancastrian relative who'd spent his entire life in exile on the European continent. Henry Tudor wasn't especially well known, but he had two things going for him a claim to the throne and most importantly, the backing of people who were done with Richard. It wasn't just that he'd seemingly killed the young princes, although that was a major factor. But Richard had made a critical mistake. After he became king, he abandoned everything that had made him so popular before. Instead of making new friends, he closed ranks, concentrated power and ruled with an iron fist. He'd forgotten the most important lesson of his own rise, that he needed other powerful families on his side. So when Henry Tudor landed in Wales with an army In August of 1485, Richard found himself drastically short on allies. The two forces met at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485. And this is where the game of thrones of it all really kicks in. Because in the middle of the battle, key noble families switched sides mid fight and joined Henry Tudor's forces instead. Richard III was killed in battle. He was the last English monarch to die in combat. For my Shakespeare lovers quote My kingdom for a Horse. After the dust settled, Henry Tudor claimed the throne as Henry VII to end the wars of the Roses and bring the kingdom together. He married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and the prince's sister. Two sides were finally united as one. The war was over. But one final question hung in the air. What had actually happened to those two boys in the Tower? Let's start with the most obvious suspect, Richard III himself. He definitely had a motive. Even with the prince's legitimacy under question, they would always be a threat to his rule. As we saw with Henry Tudor, even someone with a distant claim to the throne can be dangerous. If the right people support them. And with how brutal the wars at the Roses were, uncle on nephew, violence wouldn't be out of the question here. Remember, Richard didn't bother with any kind of investigation into the prince's disappearance. He seemed perfectly happy for the problem to just go away. Which brings us to opportunity. The Princes were locked up in the Tower of London, guarded by Richard's men. If he wanted to waltz in there and commit murder, nobody was about to stop him. So if we were conducting a criminal investigation, we'd have two of the three major boxes checked. Which leaves just one more. The means. And this is where things start to get murky. Because when the princes were last seen, Richard was on a tour of the Yorkist heartlands. That would mean he didn't do the deed himself, which isn't surprising. I don't think anyone would expect him to get his hands dirty like that. It just means he had someone to do it for him. And he wouldn't trust a job like that to some random guard. It would have to be someone close to Richard, someone he trusted. Which brings us to our first candidate, Sir James Tyrrell. Tyrell had fought for the Yorks and the wars of the Roses and was basically one of Richard's most loyal men. Interestingly enough, he was appointed a Knight of the Body, Master of the Horse and Master of the Henchmen In June of 1483, right before the princes vanished. And even after Richard was killed, Tyrell stayed loyal to the Yorks. In 1502, he was arrested for supporting them in a rebellion against the Crown, which is when his alleged role in the prince's murder was exposed. Apparently, after Tyrrell was captured, he confessed to murdering the Princes on Richard's orders. He was tried for treason in May of 1502 and executed for four days later. So what do we think? Case closed? Not so fast. Tyrrell's confession wasn't officially noted in historical record. Most of what we accept as historical fact about Richard's guilt comes from one primary source, Sir Thomas More. More was a brilliant lawyer and scholar who became Lord Chancellor of England in 1529. He wrote one of the most detailed early accounts of Richard's crimes, describing James Tyrrell's confession, Richard's villainy, the whole story, it was compelling. But here's a catch. More was just a kid when Richard III was alive. When he grew up, he served the Tudor dynasty, which had every political interest in portraying Richard as a monster. So even though Moore's version of events has become the de facto go to, there's no real evidence behind it. It's mostly just the story that took hold and never really went away. So maybe James Tyrrell was innocent after all. And some people think Richard may have been too. That brings us to Henry Stafford, the Duke of Buckingham. He was Richard's right hand man in the royal coup. But Stafford might not have been only serving the new King's interests. He was married to Elizabeth Woodville's sister, which put him on the doorstep to the throne some historians think Stafford wanted for himself and he took out the princess to get himself cleaned. Closer to it, a contemporary Portuguese document flat out blamed Stafford, claiming Richard handed the Princess over to him and that Stafford starved them to death without the King's knowledge. And in 1980, a document from the College of Arms archives surfaced claiming the murders were carried out by the vise of the Duke of Buckingham, end quote. And there's a chance Richard might have found out about it, because in November 1483, Stafford was executed for rebellion. But before we say okay, this is the guy, there's some holes here too. Because if Stafford had gone behind Richard's back to kill the princes, you'd think the King would say something. It would have been the perfect opportunity to clear his own name and shore up support for his rule. But instead, he stayed silent, which tips the guilt scale back towards Richard. And pulling off a murder inside the Tower of London would have required a full conspiracyguards, accomplices, silence from everyone. Not exactly an easy feat. So while Stafford may have well been involved, the idea that he acted entirely alone feels weak. Considering Richard had him killed just a few months later, it probably wasn't him. But could there have been someone else pulling the strings? Some people think it was someone else who benefited from the princes being out the the next king, Henry Tudor. After Henry Tudor took the crown and became Henry vii, he started systematically removing anyone who could credibly challenge his right to rule. Sound familiar? The two princes definitely fit that bill, especially because one of Henry's first acts as king was to repeal the law declaring the princess illegitimate, which created a bit of a conundrum on the surface, it was justice for two boys who'd been viciously murdered by their uncle. But remember, nobody had ever confirmed that the princes were dead. Which meant that Henry may have created two more rivals. And maybe he decided to take them out himself. One theory proposes that Henry had the princess killed between June and July of 1486, shortly after taking the throne. Historians point out that accounts blaming Richard for the deaths or only start appearing after that date, conveniently timed to redirect suspicion away from the new king. There's also the strange case of the prince's mother, Elizabeth Woodville. In February of 1487, Henry VII seized her possessions and confined her to Bermondsey Abbey, where she lived out the rest of her life. One interpretation is that Henry was keeping her contained because she knew the truth, that the Richard story was a fabrication and he was the one responsible for her son's deaths. But historians are divided on why Elizabeth went to Bermondsey, with some arguing she went voluntarily. And no credible contemporary source directly accused Henry of the murders, even among his many enemies who would have loved to make that charge. So this theory has to live under the realm of speculation. Compelling, sure, but like the rest of them, still unproven. Which lets us question another possibility. What if the prince's action actually made it out of the tower alive? Okay, so what if everyone has been looking at this?
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Completely backwards. What if the princes didn't die at all? There is a theory that Henry VII kept quiet not because he was responsible for their desk, but because he knew that that at least one of the princes was still alive. Specifically that Edward hadn't been murdered. He died from illness while young Richard had escaped or been secretly smuggled out. And instead of trying to find him, Henry quietly kept the secret buried. I know it sounds far fetched, but then, in 1491, a young man arrived in Ireland from mainland Europe and declared himself to be Prince Richard, Duke of York. His name was Perkin Warbeck. Warbeck was charismatic, multilingual and convincing. He claimed to have escaped the Tower as a child and been hidden in Europe under a false identity. And crazy enough, some of the most powerful people in Europe believed him. Margaret of York, Richard III's own sister, formally recognized Perkin Warbeck as her nephew. King James IV of Scotland accepted, accepted him as the true Prince Richard and used his claim to justify invading England on his behalf. This wasn't some fringe pretender being humored in a back room. People at the highest levels treated Warbeck as a legitimate royal claimant. Henry VII eventually captured Warbeck in 1497. Under pressure, he recanted his claims, was imprisoned and later executed. Henry's official position was that Warbeck was a fraud. He was nothing more than the son of a French boatman coached to play a part. But was he? The question doesn't settle easily. Modern historian Philippa Langley doesn't believe Richard III killed the princes. And she has serious credibility. In 2012, Langley found Richard III's actual skeleton buried beneath a parking lot in Leicester, England. These days, she leads the Missing Princess Project, which has been searching European archives for proof that the boys survived. Their findings are surprising. They claim to have uncovered documents showing the princes were alive and in contact with European royalty as late as 1493. One piece of evidence, a statement dated 1493 that they argue was written by young Richard himself. Himself describing how he escaped to Europe. There's also documents suggesting Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I identified a man as Prince Richard by verifying three distinctive birthmarks on his body. In 2021, the missing prince's project announced an even more dramatic claim. They believe they can trace young Edward's life to the rural village of Coleridge. A young man named John Evans arrived there around 1484, right around when the princess disappeared, and was immediately granted a formal position and the title of Lord of the Manor for no apparent reason. Around 1511, Evans commissioned Yorkist symbols and stained glass windows depicting Edward V for the local church. Imagery that was completely out of place for small Devon village, not to mention outdated. Researchers believe these could have been subtle Tributes to the life he was forced to leave behind. A way to honor his identity without putting a target on his back. But as with everything in this case, it's not that easy. In 1674, workers renovating the Tower of London discovered the skeletal remains of two children buried beneath a staircase. King Charles II had them moved to Westminster Abbey, where they rest to this day, always assume to be the princes. But that's just an assumption. The bones have never been subjected to modern DNA analysis. Requests to examine them have repeatedly been declined out of respect for the burial site. Until those remains are tested, the question of whether the boys died in that tower or lived out quiet lives somewhere in Europe cannot be definitively answered. The work of the Missing Princess Project is still disputed in academic circles, but it's genuinely active, and the evidence they're uncovering deserves serious attention. And so the mystery stays open. What gets me about this story isn't the mystery itself. It's the innocence at the center of it. Two children, 12 and 9 years old, placed in the middle of a power struggle they didn't choose by adults who saw them purely as obstacles or assets. Their father was dead. Their mother was confined to an abbey. Their uncle, legally responsible for their protection, turned out to be the man who imprisoned them. And the man who eventually defeated that uncle saw them as complications. The most horrible thing to contemplate is that these boys had no agency, no voice, no protector whose interests were truly aligned with theirs. For Richard iii, they were just obstacles to power. For everyone who came after, there were still pieces on a board. Symbols, liabilities, political problems to be managed. That's not unique to medieval England, and it's not unique to royalty. Children get caught in the crossfire of adult power struggles across history, across cultures, right up to today. There's also something worth sitting with about how history gets written. The official story of the Princess in the tower was shaped almost entirely by people with a vested interest in a particular version of events. Tudor loyalists who needed Richard III to be a monster. The version that one wasn't necessarily the most accurate. It was a version told by whoever had the power to tell it. The Princes were true victims. They were too young to become cynical, violent or corrupt. They were just two boys playing in the courtyard of the fortress that had become their prison. This story should be a reminder that youth is fragile and that children rely on us for protection, safety, and the freedom to grow. Let's try to take that responsibility seriously. So what do I think happened in this case? The easiest answer seems to be the Most likely, Richard III had the means, the motive and the opportunity. It's just not clear who committed the deed itself. With historical mysteries like these, it's tempting to imagine the most interesting and least traumatic possibility that the princess survived, went on to lead a full life, and died outside the public eye. But sadly, it probably didn't turn out that way. As we learn, this period of history was pretty brutal, especially when it came to taking out family members. So even though some of Richard III's cruelty might have been exaggerated, I think it's definitely possible that he was more than happy to let his nephews die. Which brings us to the final piece of this. What would it be like if this happened today? First of all, it's pretty hard to make anyone disappear like that, much less the heir to a massive state and his little brother. Imagine if William and Harry just vanished one day back in the 90s. I think a lot of people would be asking questions. So it's safe to say that something like the princess in the tower mystery wouldn't happen today. At least not with too high profile people like that. Although just think about all the theories out there about famous celebrities still being alive. Elvis, Michael Jackson, even Princess Diana. So maybe it's not that crazy to think something at least tangentially similar could happen. But before we get out of here, I want to focus on the genuine scientific opportunity here that we're not taking advantage of. Those bones in Westminster Abbey have been there since 1674. Modern DNA analysis, isotope testing, and age at death estimation could potentially tell us definitively whether those remains belong to the Princes. We could match their DNA against living descendants of the House of York. The answers might actually be sitting there waiting. The debate about whether to examine those bones is very much alive today, and it may eventually be resolved. If it is, we might finally get the answer to one of history's most enduring questions. Edward and Richard may have been silenced in their own time, but over 500 years later, people are still fighting for the truth on their behalf. And maybe someday we'll get it. Thanks so much for joining me for this episode of hidden history. I'm Dr. Haruni Bhatt. Join me next time as we explore explore another unbelievable story from the past. What do you think happened to the princes in the tower? Was Richard III guilty or has history been unfair to him? Let me know in the comments. I'd love to hear your theories and I might bring them up in a future episode. And be sure to subscribe on YouTube or rate review and follow if you're listening on audio so we can keep building this community together. Thanks for watching and I'll see you at the next episode.
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