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There are more ways than ever to listen to History Daily ad free. Listen with Wondry plus in the Wondery app as a member of Noiser plus at noiser.com or in Apple Podcasts. Or you can get all of History Daily plus other fantastic history podcasts@intohristory.com. It's 10:15pm on November 28, 1942, in Boston, Massachusetts. Charles Kenney, a 10 year veteran of the Boston Fire Department, sits sipping coffee in the station as his colleagues mill around waiting for their next call. It's not long before Bell jolts Charles and the rest of his crew into action. Charles slams his cup on the table, grabs his jacket and races toward the fire engine. No sooner has he jumped on board than the engine siren cuts through the air and wheels screech on concrete as it pulls out of the station. As the truck speeds through the streets of Boston, Charles hears one of the crew talking about their destination, the corner of Stewart and Carver. A report has come in that a car has caught fire. Minutes later, Charles sees the blaze himself, flames licking every inch of the vehicle. The engine screeches to a halt and firefighters stream out. They move nosy onlookers back to a safe distance while one crew member grabs a hose and connects it to a nearby hydrant. Another of the crew mans the other end of the hose and blasts water against the fiery car. In under two minutes, the roaring flames are extinguished, leaving just charred paintwork and wisps of smoke. Charles and his crew breathe a sigh of relief. There are smiles all around and a few slap each other on the back. One of them looks distracted, though. Charles follows his crewmate's gaze and sees a dark smudge of smoke rising a few blocks away in the direction of the Coconut Grove Supper Club. Sure enough, it's a fire and the men jump back in their engine, start their siren and and hurtle down the road again. They're no strangers to a busy shift, but none of them are prepared for the night that lies ahead. Before this weekend is over, almost 500 people will have lost their lives in one of the worst single fires in American history. The subsequent investigation will highlight a catalog of negligence that contributed to the tragedy, bringing about sweeping legal changes. But this reform will be too little, too late for the victims of the blaze that engulfs the Coconut Grove on November 28, 1942. Oh, hey, welcome to gift wrapping. Whoa. So is Saldana. Hey, can you wrap these, please? Wow, iPhone 17s. You splurged at T Mobile, you can get four iPhone 17s on them. The new center stage front camera is amazing for group selfies. It's the perfect gift for everyone. I'm the worst. I only got my mom a robe. Well it's better than socks. So I have to trade in my old phone right? No AT T Mobile there's no trade ins needed when you switch. Keep your old phone or give it as a gift. Incredible. In fact, wrap up my old phone too for my Aunt Rosa. Forget that. Aunt Liz will be jealous. 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Capital One what's in your wallet? Find out more@capitalone.com sparkcashplus termsupply from Noiser and Airship I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History. Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is November 28th, 1942, America's deadliest nightclub disaster. It's late afternoon on November 28, 1942 in Boston, where Fenway park is playing host to a college football clash. Actor Buck Jones settles in to watch what many expect will be an easy day at the office for Boston College against the visitors from Holy Cross. 50 year old Buck is a well loved Hollywood figure known for appearing in dozens of Westerns. He's in Boston though, as part of a drive to sell government bonds to fund the country's effort in World War II, and he was invited to the game by none other than the Mayor of Boston. Boston College has remained unbeaten in all eight games this season, but as the match starts, it's clear that Holy Cross College have no intention of rolling over. Buck watches in disbelief as the visitors take control right from the start and cruise to an incredible victory, winning 55 12, one of the biggest recent upsets in college football. As hometown fans trudge off the field dejected, Buck glances at his watch. His agent has arranged to have dinner with him at the Coconut Grove, a nearby night spot and popular destination with a checkered past. It was once owned by a local mob boss who was gunned down nine years ago. After that, it passed to the mobster's lawyer, Barney Wolanski. Now the restaurant and supper club is one of downtown Boston's most popular establishments, drawing many celebrity visitors like Buck. But tonight, Buck isn't so sure he wants to spend his night at the Coconut Grove. The actor isn't feeling great. He's been under the weather for a few days and would love nothing more than just to head back to his hotel and crawl under the duvet. But when Buck tries to back out of his dinner plans, his agent won't hear of it. Buck protests for a while, but finally gives in and agrees to stay out for some food and maybe a few drinks. When Buck and his agent arrive at Coconut Grove, there's already a line gathering. And despite feeling unwell, Buck smiles at several of those waiting in line who recognize him, call out his name. He shakes a few hands and exchanges pleasantries with fans before finally heading in through the front door. The single story building is deceptively large. Inside it houses a dining room, a ballroom and bandstand on the ground floor, while the hidden basement below has a bar known as the Melody Lounge, as well as the staff only areas like the kitchen. Buck follows his agent as he weaves through the sea of people. Coconut Grove is the place to be seen on a night out, but noticeably absent are any members of the Boston College football team. Buck had heard talk of the Coconut Grove being the venue for a post match celebration, but it seems to have been canceled after their humiliating defeat. Even without them though, the place is packed. Records will later show that around 1,000 people will have flocked here tonight. More than double the building's maximum safe capacity of 460. Regardless of the swelling numbers, the a celebrity like Buck needn't worry about finding a table. His agent has arranged it all, and they're all swiftly led downstairs to their spot in the Melody Lounge by the maitre d himself. The Coconut Grove often has lavish live entertainment, and tonight is no different. Surrounded by rows of tables and booths, a singer stands on a revolving stage. Serenading the supper guests, Buck looks around, taking in the themed decor. Fake palm trees are dotted around the room. Their fawns droop down, creating a canopy that gives the place something of a tropical feel that befits the club's name. Bulbs nestled in bunches of coconuts provide a little mood lighting. But around 10:15, Buck glances around again and notices a young man fiddling with one of these lights. The bulb flickers out. The man sits back next to his date, slipping his arm around her and smiling in the patch of dark privacy he's just created. But when Buck turns back to look at the stage, he will be unaware that he's just witnessed what many will point to as the cause of tonight's imminent tragedy. In less than 10 minutes, the entire club will be a roaring inferno, turning into a death trap that will claim the lives of Bock and hundreds of others, leaving many Bostonians distraught and desperate for answers. Dedication isn't born in the light of day. It's carved in the quiet hours before the world blinks awake. 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Then Stanley weaves his way to the bar and is just about to relay the order when the bartender holds up a hand to stop him. The bartender points over Stanley's shoulder. Stanley squints across the crowded table, unsure what he's meant to look at. The bartender says he's just watched one of the customers, a young gentleman, unscrew a light bulb and create an area of darkness in the already gloomy interior. He tells Stanley to go switch it back on. As Stanley heads to the table, he notices the Young man cozying up to his date. One arm around her shoulder, Stanley awkwardly interrupts, explaining that he needs to screw the bulb back. The guests protest, but Stanley ignores their objections and climbs on a seat and begins tinkering with the bulb. But with the light extinguished, it's too dark to see what he's doing. So Stanley pulls a book of matches from his pocket and strikes one. He holds the flame up to the light socket, tightens the bulb, and then blows the match out. Stanley then steps down and apologizes to the couple before turning around to head back to the bar. But before he does, something catches his eye. A flickering light up in one of the palm trees. He stares at it, puzzled for a second. Then Stanley's confusion gives way to concern as he realizes it's not a faulty bulb. It's a fire. Several customers notice too, and they call out an alarm. The bartender then rushes over, splashing water and spraying a bottle of seltzer at the flames. There's a little nervous laughter after this, because to Stanley and the rest of the occupants of the Coconut Grove, this small flicker of flames doesn't look overly alarming. But in reality, it's catastrophic. The club's owner, Barney Wolanski, has cut corners. The gas in the club's air conditioning is a cheaper alternative to the usual refrigerant and is flammable. Worse still, Barney has used unlicensed contractors to install his electrical wiring, sealed up a number of emergency exits to prevent people from dining and dashing, and allowed the club to admit far more more people than is safe put together. These conditions are a recipe for disaster. Stanley looks on in horror and disbelief as the small flicker everyone thought was extinguished begins to grow across the ceiling. Customers begin shouting in terror, and Stanley joins countless others making a scramble for safety. But the only way out of the Melody Lounge is a four foot wide staircase that leads up to the ground floor. It's not wide enough to accommodate a fast escape, so stuck in the crowd, Stanley can do nothing but stare as flames engulf more and more of the lounge. He barely has time to hurl himself to one side as what looks like a ball of fire roars up the staircase, scorching many of the guests trying to escape. Those who do make it up the staircase then have to struggle to make it out the club's front door. The crush of customers trying to get out through the main revolving door just serves to block it shut. The weight of the depressing bodies is so bad, it kills some of the guests trying to escape. Luckily for Stanley, a member of the staff who knows the building. He manages to find an alternate way out, but hundreds of others aren't so lucky. In the days that follow, there will be some amazing tales of quick thinking amongst the chaos. One survivor will tell how he urinated on a napkin to cover his face from smoke and fumes, buying precious extra seconds to escape. But these miraculous cases will make up the minority. 34 fire engines will race to the Coconut Grove before the night is out, carrying 187 firefighters. Joining them will be dozens of police officers as well as every man available at the nearby Boston Navy Yard. Together, they will launch an enormous rescue effort that will save some of the club's occupants. But for many, more, help will come too late. @ raising Cane's we're hyper focused on being the best at what we do and getting it right every time. Cook to order Chicken fingers, cane sauce, crinkle cut fries, coleslaw, Texas toast, iced tea and lemonade. It's our one love. But is the hype real? Yeah, it's real good. Raising Cane's Chicken fingers one love. Next time, order with our app or online. Here's a quick podcast for all you true crime fans. The Case of the Missing Reese's it was me at the store with my mouth Motive. They're Reese's. What was I gonna do? Stop myself? Tune in next time to see if I do it again. Spoiler. I will. Wow, that had everything. Reese's Suspense Reese's. It's a little after 10:20pm on November 28, 1942, as Fireman Charles Kenny and his crewmates arrive at Coconut Grove. They recognize right away it's a bad fire. Heavy plumes of dark smoke pour out of the building while countless people stagger through its doors, their eyes streaming and bodies convulsing with coughs. Charles and his men get right to work, dousing the fire and helping those escaping from it. Fortunately, tonight, they're not alone. Dozens more fire crews arrive, along with army and Navy personnel and members of the National Guard and Coast Guard. Meanwhile, newspaper delivery trucks and taxis are commandeered as makeshift ambulances to ferry survivors to hospitals for treatment. The rescue effort is vast and exhausting, but Charles has no choice but to push through. If he stops, people will die. And every time he goes in to help somebody go out, countless others grab at him, begging for them to be chosen. Next Charles Job is made even more difficult by the worsening weather. As temperatures plummet, ice forms between the cobblestones on the street. At one point, Charles goes to Tug a hose closer to the building to better direct the spray of water, only to find the hose is frozen tight to the ground. It's brutal backbreaking work, but Charles and others persevere long into the night. Meanwhile, Boston City hospital receives around 300 admissions in just one hour, a rate of one every 11 seconds. For those who make it to an emergency room, there's a stroke of luck. As a precautionary wartime measure, hospitals have been stockpiling supplies and running disaster drills. But even with this fortunate preparation, over half of the patients die from their injuries. By the time all is said and done, 490 people lose their lives as a result of the fire, making it the deadliest nightclub disaster in America's history. During the following investigation, authorities are unable to confirm whether the match lit by 16 year old Stanley Tomashewski sparked the blaze or whether it was the guest tampering with a light bulb. But regardless, the finger of blame is pointed at the owner of the Coconut Grove, Barney Wolanski. Though the fire's exact proximate cause can't be pinpointed, it's clear Barney is responsible for the conditions that allowed the flames to consume the club so quickly. And in 1943, Barney is convicted of manslaughter, sentenced to 12 to 15 years, though he's released only after four. The fire at Coconut Grove will drive a host of health and and safety laws across many states designed to prevent a repeat of the accident. In Boston, doctors who treated the blaze's victims will also draw on their experiences to pioneer new ways of treating burns and smoke inhalation. And the advances they make will save countless lives in the years to come. A bittersweet silver lining to the tragedy that befell Coconut Grove on November 28, 1942. Next on History Daily, December 1, 1934. Leningrad Mayor Sergei Kirov is assassinated, prompting Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin to purge the Communist Party of his rivals. From Noiser and Airship. This Is History Daily hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham. Audio editing by Mohamed Shazi and sound design by Misha Stanton. Music by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written and researched by Rob Scragg. Executive producers are Alexander Curry Buckner for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser. Everyone has that friend who seems kind of perfect for Patty. That friend was Desiree. Until one day I texted her and she was not getting the text. So I went to Instagram. She has no Instagram anymore. And Facebook. No Facebook anymore. Desiree was gone. And there was one person who knew the answer. I am a spiritual person. A magical person, a witch, a gorgeous Brazilian influencer called Kat Torres, but who was hiding a secret from wandering. Based on my smash hit podcast, from Brazil comes a new series, Don't Cross Cat, about a search that led me to a mystery in a Texas suburb. I'm calling to check on the two missing Brazilian girls, maybe get some undercover crew there. The family are freaking out. They are locked. I'm Chico Felitti. You can listen to Don't Cross Cat on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.