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Lindsey Graham (6:14)

From noiser and airship. I'm Lindsey Graham and this is history. Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is March 5, 1770. The Boston Massacre. It's late afternoon, October 2, 1768, in Boston Harbor, 18 months before the confrontation at the Customs House, Captain Thomas Preston stands on the deck of a British warship, watching as the city gets closer and closer. Preston is one of more than 1,000 soldiers who have been quickly reassigned from Ireland to the American colonies, where military occupation of Boston is about to begin. Friction between Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in North America has been building for months. A year ago, the British Parliament passed new legislation imposing additional taxes on all kinds of goods imported into the colonies, from expensive materials like china and glass to everyday staples like paper and tea. And many American colonists felt like the British government was taking advantage of them. They had no representation in Parliament, but still had to pay taxes, levies, and fees. It was a lousy deal, and the colonists were tired of it. Sensing this mounting discontent, the British King, George iii, decided he had to act. But rather than make any of the legislative changes that the colonists were asking for, he instead responded with a show of force. Dispatching a fleet of ships and 1,000 soldiers to Boston, he gave orders to keep the peace and stamp out any unrest. Today, Captain Preston's part of the task force is arriving, and he's not expecting a warm welcome. Captain Preston descends the gangplank and steps onto North America. For the first time, he gathers his troops and marches them out of the harbor past the grim faces of the Bostonians who gathered to watch the ships come in. Despite this difficult start, for almost two years after his arrival, Captain Preston's soldiers live alongside the citizens of Boston in peace. Many of them form friendships with their neighbors and some of the Single soldiers even marry local women. As an experienced and respected officer, Captain Preston soon garners a reputation as a steady pair of hands who's trusted by the Bostonians. But despite the best efforts of men like Preston, resentment grows at the presence of British troops in the city. Some Bostonians are annoyed to find their local watering holes flooded with British officers, while others resent the military tents that take over Boston Common. Most of all, the people of Boston loathe the feeling of being under constant surveillance. They don't like being watched or mistrusted. On March 5, 1770, those tensions explode into violence, thanks to a simple misunderstanding. A wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Garrick wrongfully accuses a British officer of not paying his bill. The disagreement soon escalates, with more and more townspeople gathering to take Garrick's side. When the officer is pushed and shoved by the crowd, a sentry guarding the nearby customs house intervenes to defend the British officer and ushers him through the door to safety. But the sentry soon finds himself facing down an increasingly angry mob. As the crowd yells insults and threats, the sentry realizes just how outnumbered he is and sends a messenger to ask for urgent backup. The sentry is relieved when he sees Captain Preston arrive. Just the kind of man you want around in a crisis. But even the experienced Captain Preston is alarmed by the fractious crowd of Bostonians now wielding clubs and bludgeons. And then, over the next few minutes, the disturbance takes a fatal turn. As the rioters taunt the soldiers, daring them to fire and pelting them with snowballs. One of the British soldiers loses his nerve and fires his gun. In the chaos that follows, the other soldiers think that Preston has given the order to shoot and fire their weapons as well, directly into the ground. Captain Preston screams a cease fire and tries to regain control over his men, but his face is grim. He knows this is a disaster. And as the dust settles and blood seeps into the snow, the colonists try to save the men who were shot. But three are already dead. Rope maker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks, a black sailor who escaped slavery 20 years earlier. Samuel Maverick, a 17 year old apprentice, will die the next day. The fifth and final victim of the Boston Massacre, as this confrontation becomes known, will die two weeks later. But by then, the fallout from the incident will have already inflamed anti British sentiment in the colony. And that rebellious feeling will only grow when Captain Preston and his men go on trial for murder.

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Lindsey Graham (12:40)

It's October 24, 1770 in Boston, seven months after the massacre, 45 year old lawyer John Adams walks through the marketplace near the waterfront where merchants and sellers are busy setting out their wares. Stalls overflow with merchandise in the hope of a good day's business. Locals are expecting the nearby Faneuil hall to be packed today and bring in plenty of customers. That's because the hall will be host to the much anticipated trial of Captain Thomas Preston, and John Adams is here to play a major part in the legal arguments. Within hours of the Boston Massacre, a colonial court issued a warrant for the arrest of Captain Preston and the soldiers under his command. The British soldiers turned themselves into the sheriff and not long after they were all charged with murder. While the wheels of justice began to turn, word of what had happened spread rapidly through the colony of Massachusetts. Almost overnight, the previously well liked Captain Preston became public enemy number one. Stories circulated that Preston had deliberately given the order to fire and that he and his soldiers had committed mass murder. The perception of Preston as a ruthless killer was then only strengthened by sensational press coverage in Boston. An illustration by engraver Henry Pelham depicted the British soldiers standing in formation before the crowd, deploying their weapons in unison like a firing squad. Pelham's engraving was widely reproduced in pamphlets by Paul Revere, a leader in the anti British organization the Sons of Liberty. In Revere's pamphlets, the illustration was accompanied by a caption which described the soldiers as fierce barbarians grinning over their prey. Thanks to this propaganda, most Bostonians quickly made up their minds about Captain Preston's guilt. But today it's John Adams responsibility to defend Preston in court. As one of Boston's most renowned lawyers, Adams takes his responsibility seriously, even though he's an unlikely choice as Preston's defense attorney. Adams is a leading voice in colonial politics and has argued in the past for more American representation in British Parliament. But Adams primary loyalty is to the law. He believes deeply in justice for all and that every man has the right to a fair trial. And given the emotional fallout of the Boston Massacre, it's clear to him that Preston and his fellow soldiers are unlikely to get anything that resembles fair. After the court and Faneuil hall is called to order, Captain Preston is summoned to the dock. Numerous eyewitnesses then testify about what happened on the night in question. But as they each tell their stories, Adams picks out the inconsistencies in their conflicting accounts. It soon becomes clear that the the gunfire occurred amidst a chaotic situation. Under questioning, nobody is able to say with any certainty that they heard Preston shout an order to fire. The jury is convinced by Adams argument and Preston is acquitted. The following month, it's the turn of Preston's soldiers to face trial. Adams again is arguing for the defense, but he faces a tougher task to get these men cleared. After all, the jury knows that some of them fired the fatal shots. So in an attempt to absolve them of blame, Adams argues that the soldiers acted in self defense. He claims that they had a justifiable fear for their lives since they were outnumbered by an angry crowd. Adams causes consternation amongst his fellow Bostonians when he describes the mob as a motley rabble and blames black sailor and former slave Crispus Attucks as the one who grabbed a British rifle and kick started the violence. In the end, Adams appeals to the jury to set aside any partisan anti British views and look only at the hard evidence. Thanks to his persuasive arguments, all but two of the soldiers are acquitted. And even the two men found guilty receive a lesser conviction of manslaughter. As punishment, they are each branded on the thumb with the letter M. And brutal and painful though the branding is, it's a lenient sentence. None of the British soldiers was face the death penalty for killing any of the five colonists. Captain Preston and his men get off lightly, but the damage has been done to Britain's authority in North America. The real outcome of the trial is more anger among the colonists. Thanks to the Boston Massacre, the independence movement will grow from a fringe, extreme viewpoint to a mainstream opinion. And one day the five victims of the Boston Massacre will come to the known as the first casualties of the American Revolution.

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Lindsey Graham (19:06)

It's the night of April 18, 1775 on the outskirts of Boston, five years after the Boston Massacre. 40 year old Paul Revere spurs his horse into a gallop heading west on the road toward Lexington on the most important mission of his life. British troops are on the march and Paul has to warn a garrison of American militia before it's too late. In the aftermath of the Boston Massacre, the anti British resistance movement rapidly gathered momentum. Tension between the colonists and their London based governors reached ahead in 1773 when a sons of Liberty protest destroyed a shipment of tea in the Boston harbor. Their defiance against British taxation only escalated the dispute into a full blown crisis. Massachusetts colonial government was suspended by London, but the Sons of Liberty formed an alternative independent assembly and summoned volunteer militias to defend it. Knowing that Britain would surely respond with a show of force, the Massachusetts colonists established a system of signals to warn of any impending British approach by land or or sea. And earlier tonight, Revere spotted one of those signals a single lantern in the steeple of Boston's Old North Church. So as British soldiers gather on Boston Common, Revere is riding to Lexington to warn the local militia what's coming. Riding through the night, Revere's warning gives the militia time to prepare. The next morning, British troops arrive in Lexington and the neighboring town of Concord, where the colonists military stores are held. The British plan was to catch the colonists by surprise, but instead they find hundreds of armed volunteers waiting for them. The two sides exchange gunfire, but the British are so vastly outnumbered that they're forced to retreat back to Boston. These battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American War of Independence. But the revolution began in spirit five years earlier, when British soldiers fired off and killed five colonists amid the chaos of the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Next On History Daily, March 6, 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt is the first first lady to hold her own press conference, creating a weekly tradition that lasts years. From Noiser and Airship, this is History Daily hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Mohammed Shahzade Sound design by Gabriel Gould Music by Lindsey Graham this episode is written and researched by Emma Dibdin Edited by Scott Reeves Managing Producer Emily Burke Executive producers are William Semi Simpson for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noiser. If you work in university maintenance, Grainger considers you an MVP because your playbook ensures your arena is always ready for tip off. And Grainger is your trusted partner, offering the products you need all in one place, from H Vac and plumbing supplies to lighting and more and all delivered with plenty of time left on the clock so your team always gets the win. Call 1-800-GRAINGER visit grainger.com or just stop by Grainger for the ones who get it done

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