History Daily Podcast Summary Episode: The Last English City in France
Release Date: January 7, 2025
Host: Lindsey Graham
Produced by: Airship | Noiser | Wondery

Introduction

In this compelling episode of History Daily, host Lindsey Graham delves into the dramatic history surrounding Calais, the last English stronghold on French soil. Through vivid storytelling and detailed historical accounts, the episode explores the strategic significance of Calais, the prolonged conflict between England and France, and the eventual fall of the city, marking the end of English territorial presence in France.

Historical Background

The Hundred Years' War and English Occupation

The episode opens in the early 14th century, setting the stage for the enduring conflict known as the Hundred Years' War between England and France. King Edward III of England, driven by both familial ties and claims to the French throne, orchestrates a massive invasion force.

Lindsey Graham (00:00): "Almost 300 years have passed since Duke William of Normandy crossed these same waters in the other direction on his way to seize the English throne as a result of William the Conqueror's successful invasion of England."

In 1346, Edward III launches a formidable fleet of 747 ships carrying approximately 10,000 men, setting sail to assert English dominance in France. The English forces swiftly capture Caen with minimal resistance, plundering the city and leaving a trail of destruction that weakens French morale and infrastructure.

Establishment of the Pale of Calais

By 1347, after months of siege and starvation, Calais surrenders to the English. Edward III fortifies the city, establishing the Pale of Calais—a strategically vital outpost that serves as England's gateway to mainland Europe. Calais becomes indispensable for the English navy, facilitating the export of wool to the European textile markets in Flanders and securing a crucial foothold for future military and economic endeavors.

Life in the Pale of Calais

For over two centuries, Calais remains under English control, symbolizing England's lingering influence in continental affairs. However, the prolonged occupation breeds resentment among the French populace and authorities, fostering ongoing tensions and sporadic conflicts.

The Fall of Calais

Deteriorating Defenses and Rising Tensions

By the mid-16th century, the fortifications of Calais have fallen into disrepair, and the garrison is woefully understaffed. Thomas Wentworth, the Lord Deputy of Calais, repeatedly warns the English government about the vulnerabilities of the port, but his pleas go unheeded.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "Despite the strategic importance, Calais's defenses were neglected, and the French king, Henry II, saw his opportunity."

The 1558 French Assault

On the morning of January 7, 1558, the French, led by General Francois de Lorraine, launch a surprise attack on Calais. The city's defenses crumble under the onslaught as French artillery breaches the walls, allowing infantry to flood into the city.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "Thomas Wentworth is ready to surrender... The fall of Calais will end the English occupation of French Soil that dates back almost 500 years."

The chaos of battle, with streets ablaze and the populace fleeing, overwhelms the English defenders. Despite Wentworth's valiant efforts to rally the townspeople, the city's defenses collapse, leading to the inevitable surrender.

Surrender and Aftermath

Thomas Wentworth surrenders Calais to Francois de Lorraine, marking the end of English rule in the region. The French army spares the lives of the English commanders but expels the remaining defenders, signaling a definitive French reclamation of the port.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "Francois spares Thomas and the other defenders of Calais, but he gives them just a few hours to leave."

Impact on England’s Monarchy

The loss of Calais deeply affects England's monarchy. Queen Mary, struck by the defeat, succumbs to illness shortly after. Her successor, Queen Elizabeth I, inherits the burden of the loss.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "Mary dies, allegedly exclaiming on her deathbed, 'When I am dead and cut open, they will find Calais inscribed on my heart.'"

Elizabeth I endeavors to reclaim Calais by allying with Protestant rebels and attempting to seize Le Havre as leverage. However, this effort falters, leading to the formal Treaty of Troyes in 1564, wherein England officially renounces all claims to French territories, including Calais.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "The Treaty of Troyes formally confirms that the English will no longer claim any territory in France, including Calais."

Conclusion

The episode concludes by underscoring the significance of Calais's fall as the end of an era of English territorial ambitions in France. The Treaty of Troyes not only solidifies Calais's status as a French city but also marks a turning point in Anglo-French relations, paving the way for future diplomatic engagements over centuries.

Lindsey Graham (11:05): "Though in truth the fate of the town was sealed when Francois de Lorraine led his men past the English defenses and reconquered the port for France on January 7, 1558."

Key Takeaways

• Calais's Strategic Importance: Served as England’s critical foothold in mainland Europe for over two centuries.
• Hundred Years' War Impact: The prolonged conflict shaped the political and military landscape of both England and France.
• Leadership and Legacy: Figures like King Edward III, Thomas Wentworth, and Queen Elizabeth I played pivotal roles in the events leading to and following the fall of Calais.
• Treaty of Troyes: Marked the formal end of English territorial claims in France, reshaping future diplomatic relations.

Notable Quotes

• Thomas Wentworth’s Surrender:

  "The fall of Calais will end the English occupation of French Soil that dates back almost 500 years." (11:05)

• Queen Mary's Despair:

  "When I am dead and cut open, they will find Calais inscribed on my heart." (11:05)

• Elizabeth I’s Resolution:

  "Elizabeth is determined that she will show them no hint of regret and instead she'll present the Treaty of Troyes as a victory..." (11:05)

Final Thoughts

The Last English City in France offers a thorough exploration of a pivotal moment in European history. By weaving together military strategy, political maneuvering, and personal narratives, Lindsey Graham provides listeners with a nuanced understanding of how the fall of Calais influenced the course of English and French destinies.

For history enthusiasts and casual listeners alike, this episode serves as a vivid reminder of how single events can shape nations and alter the course of history.