HISTORY This Week – Episode: "Alexander the Great Finds His Destiny"

Release Date: November 11, 2024

Introduction

In this compelling episode of HISTORY This Week, hosted by The HISTORY® Channel, listeners are taken on an in-depth journey through the pivotal moments of Alexander the Great’s life that not only shaped his destiny but also left an indelible mark on world history. Featuring expert insights from Rachel Kauser, Professor of Greek and Roman Art and Archaeology at the City University of New York and author of Alexander at the End of the World, the Forgotten Final Years of Alexander the Great, the episode delves into Alexander's unrelenting ambition, his quest for divine status, and the eventual unraveling of his empire.

Alexander’s Ascent to Power

At just 20 years old, Alexander ascended to the throne of Macedonia following the assassination of his father, Philip II. The early years of his reign are often romanticized, but as Rachel Kauser points out, "Alexander's early life seems easy, but there is a lot of drama, starting from the moment he becomes king." [05:55] The circumstances surrounding Philip II’s death—stabbing by a bodyguard during a wedding celebration—set a tumultuous stage for Alexander's rule.

Conquering the Persian Empire

Alexander’s ambition drove him to invade the Persian Empire, then the largest empire in the world, spanning over 2 million square miles. His military prowess was unmatched as he "conquered city after city," culminating in his arrival in Egypt. [06:05] Unlike previous conquerors, Alexander was welcomed as a liberator in Memphis, largely due to his respectful approach towards Egyptian religious traditions.

Becoming Pharaoh of Egypt

A defining moment in Alexander’s quest for glory occurred when he was declared Pharaoh of Egypt. "A red and white crown is placed on Alexander's head, a crook and flail placed in his hands," symbolizing his dual role as a political leader and a divine figure. [07:00] This coronation not only elevated his status in the eyes of the Egyptians but also marked a significant turning point in his self-perception and ambition.

The Oracle of Siwa and Divine Ambitions

Seeking to cement his divine status, Alexander embarked on a journey to the Oracle of Siwa in the Libyan desert. Rachel Kauser explains, "Alexander’s visit to the Oracle of Siwa allowed him to embrace his divine heritage." [10:34] Upon meeting the priests, Alexander was hailed as the "son of Amun," a title that he took seriously, further intertwining his imperial goals with his desire for divinity. "Hail, son of Amun," the priests declared, a proclamation that Alexander internalized deeply. [11:33]

Pursuit and Death of Darius III

Alexander’s relentless pursuit of the Persian King Darius III exemplifies his undying ambition. After capturing Persepolis, Alexander hoped to capture Darius alive to secure his legitimacy and divine status. However, Darius was betrayed and killed while fleeing, leaving Alexander unable to achieve the seamless transition of power he desired. [12:29] This event not only dashed his immediate political aspirations but also sowed seeds of doubt and dissent within his ranks.

Struggles with His Troops

As Alexander pushed further into the heart of the Persian Empire, his army, once comprised of 30,000 men, dwindled to a mere 3,000 due to relentless battles and harsh conditions. "Some of Alexander's soldiers are beginning to question his leadership," notes Rachel Kauser. [13:27] The soldiers' exhaustion and longing for home led to a significant rift between Alexander and his men, challenging his ability to maintain control over his vast empire.

The Banquet and the Death of Cleitus

One of the most dramatic and tragic moments in Alexander’s life unfolded during a grand banquet in Maraconda. As alcohol flowed, tensions reached a boiling point. "Cleitus gets really drunk and he starts this tirade against Alexander," Rachel recounts. [21:32] Cleitus criticized Alexander’s divine aspirations and his departure from Macedonian traditions, sparking a confrontation that ended with Alexander fatally stabbing him with an 18-foot spear. [23:10] This incident marked a profound turning point, showcasing Alexander's volatility and the fracturing loyalty among his closest allies.

Final Campaigns and the End of the Empire

Despite the growing dissent, Alexander continued his campaign, aiming to push his empire to the "edge of the known world." However, the relentless push led to further exhaustion and dwindling support from his troops. By the time they reached the Hyphasis River in modern-day India, his army was too depleted to continue. Facing immense pressure, Alexander invoked divine omens to justify their retreat, claiming that the gods opposed further conquest. [26:08]

Legacy and Reflections

Alexander the Great’s untimely death in 323 BCE at the age of 32 left his vast empire without a clear successor, leading to its eventual fragmentation. Rachel Kauser reflects on his complex legacy: "Alexander did really try to be a good ruler... his drive to be seen as a God, it had this collateral effect of uniting people behind him." [29:31] His adoption of diverse cultural customs and the creation of an international army highlighted his vision of a unified empire, a legacy that continues to intrigue historians and scholars.

In concluding the episode, both Rachel Kauser and co-host Wesley Levisay ponder the duality of Alexander’s greatness—his extraordinary achievements intertwined with his personal struggles and ultimate downfall. "Here is a guy who's trying to forge a nation out of very disparate peoples, religions, cultures," Rachel summarizes. [30:21] This nuanced portrayal invites listeners to reassess the often one-dimensional image of Alexander, appreciating the complexities that defined his remarkable yet tragic journey.

Notable Quotes

• Rachel Kauser [05:55]: "Alexander's early life seems easy, but there is a lot of drama, starting from the moment he becomes king."

• Rachel Kauser [10:34]: "Alexander’s visit to the Oracle of Siwa allowed him to embrace his divine heritage."

• Rachel Kauser [21:32]: "Cleitus gets really drunk and he starts this tirade against Alexander."

• Rachel Kauser [26:08]: "Alexander doesn't go all the way back to Macedonia. He establishes a new capital in Babylon."

• Rachel Kauser [29:31]: "Alexander did really try to be a good ruler... his drive to be seen as a God, it had this collateral effect of uniting people behind him."

Conclusion

HISTORY This Week masterfully encapsulates the rise and fall of Alexander the Great, exploring the intricate balance between his monumental achievements and personal vulnerabilities. Through expert analysis and engaging storytelling, the episode offers a comprehensive view of how Alexander’s quest for power and divinity ultimately led to both his legendary status and his untimely demise. For history enthusiasts and casual listeners alike, this episode provides valuable insights into one of history’s most enigmatic figures.

For more detailed explorations of historical events and figures, visit historythisweekpodcast.com and stay connected by emailing historythisweek@history.com.