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They say that long ago, the Kogarasu were crows. But time passed, and somehow the crows just wouldn't die. First they lived ten years, then twenty, then a hundred, and eventually the crows weren't crows at all anymore. They were something entirely new. The tale comes from a Japanese scroll from the Edo period known as the Tosa Ghost book, which describes 16 different Japanese yokai, complete with colorful illustrations. And in the case of the Kogurasu, those illustrations are essential, because according to the scroll, when the crows reach 1,000 years of age, they take on a rather singular appearance. They become giants and turn bright blue. Two great clawed hands grow in place of their wings, and their legs fuse into one single foot. And then the hunger starts. Now, while regular crows eat things like insects and seeds, Kogurasu have a slightly different palate. They have a taste for human corpses. The Tosa Ghost Book goes on to explain how the Kogurasu descend upon graveyards hunting for a meal. Specifically, they liked to punish people who were prideful and rude in their lives by digging them up and devouring their moldering bodies. Appetizing, I know. But are you really that surprised? After all, the Kogarasu is just one of thousands of people eating monsters from around the world. That's kind of what monsters do, actually. It's practically expected. But you know what's not expected? When the creature feasting upon your flesh is none other than a fellow human being. I'm Aaron Manke, and this is Lore. It's one of humanity's most enduring taboos to. To eat the body of another person. And perhaps that's why it shows up in so many folktales all around the world. In Greek mythology, there seems to be cannibalism everywhere you look. We all know of Cronos, of course, who famously eats his children in response to a prophecy that one will overthrow him one day. But trust me, there's plenty more where that came from. Take, for example, the tale of Thyestes, King of Olympia. As revenge for adultery, his twin brother kills and cooks Thyestes sons, which Thyestes happily devours, finishing the meal with a satisfying belch. Meanwhile, in another myth, a Thracian king named Tereus served his own son as a meal. And then there's the Libyan queen Lamia, who, cursed with madness after angering Hera, develops a taste for children. And honestly, I could list Greek cannibals all day long. But I'll leave you with just one more extra surreal tale. After cutting down a sacred tree, Erysichthon King of Thessaly is punished with insatiable hunger. According to Ovid's version of the tale, he eventually grows so hungry that he devours himself, leaving not a trace behind. Venturing to other parts of the world, many cultures warn about child eating old ladies who live in the woods. The most famous Western example is, of course, the witch from Hansel and Gretel. But she's not alone. For example, in Romanian folklore, we have Muma Paduri, a forest dwelling, child eating madwoman, or Baba Yaga from Slavic folklore of chicken legged house fame, who also enjoys a baby or two as a treat. Now, while these sorts of boogie women definitely served the obvious purpose of scaring children away from dangerous wooded areas, some had more sinister uses as well. Just look at Baba Yaga. She was often portrayed with visibly Jewish physical features. And given what we learned in her episode about blood libel, stories about Jews eating children were spread for very specific political reasons, that is, to deliberately foster antisemitism. But back to Hansel and Gretel for a moment. As it turns out, many of the fairy tales that we know and love today have lesser known versions with cannibalistic plot points. Little Red Riding Hood, for example, Everyone knows that a wolf eats people in that one. But did you know that some variants feature the wolf chopping the grandmother up, bottling her blood, and then feeding all of that to Red under the guise of wine and meat? In fact, in an Italian, Austrian variation, Little Red even eats her grandmother's teeth after being told that it's rice. And meanwhile, in the Grimm Brothers rendition of Snow White, the evil queen doesn't just want to get the fairest of them all out of the way. No, she demands the huntsman bring back Snow White's liver and lungs so that she can eat them. Of course, naturally, the huntsman isn't super comfortable with this plan, and he brings back a boar's organs instead, which the queen gladly feasts upon believing, leaving them to belong to her stepdaughter. In another German fairy tale called the Juniper Tree, a little boy is cooked by his evil stepmother, who feeds his flesh to the child's clueless father. Oh, and it features a terrifying little ditty with the lyrics, my mother, she killed me. My father, he ate me. My sister, she buried my bones. You know, a cheerful lullaby to sing to kids before bedtime. So that's the first story. Stories of innocent people being fed human flesh, unaware about evil cannibal witches and queens devouring child flesh for fun. But there's another category of cannibal Lore as well, cautionary tales in which as punishment for a misdemeanor, you yourself may be transformed into a horrible man eating beast. Everyone's favorite, the Wendigo of Algonquin folklore, is another perfect example of this. Wendigos were originally humans, that is, until they ate human flesh and turned into a tall, gaunt monster destined to stalk and haunt human prey forever. In Hindu folklore, Brahmins who did bad deeds in life are doomed to become Brahma raksha when they die. Evil horned beings who eat none other than the flesh of their fellow Brahmins. Meanwhile, in Japan, eating human flesh can lead a person to become a sort of hungry ghost known as a jiki ninki, who looks mostly human except for their razor sharp teeth that they use for peeling skin off their favorite snack, which is dead bodies. Now these may only seem like scary stories, but they had a very real purpose. In times of famine, when people may have been tempted to seek less acceptable means of sustenance, the threat of becoming a monster dissuaded them from turning to cannibalism, even in desperate circumstances. And I know what you're thinking, was that really necessary? After all, how often were people actually eating one another? Well, I'm sorry to tell you, but it was kind of a lot. The skeleton was 100,000 years old, but archaeologists could still see the cut marks clear as day. Gouges cut deep into the bone, suggesting that the muscle had been carved away with a blade. Yes, there was no doubt about it. This Neanderthal had been eaten. And it turns out we've been making a meal of each other for pretty much our entire existence as a species. Now, in Western media, cannibals are usually portrayed as racist caricatures. Savage primitive islanders capturing and eating unfortunate white visitors. But in reality, no one was more down with eating human remains than white Europeans themselves. I've talked in the past about medical cannibalism, the practice of chowing down on body parts as some kind of miracle cure. But just as a refresher, the reason why we don't have very many Egyptian mummies remaining in tombs and museums today is because Europeans ate them all. And yes, you heard that right. Basically, medieval Europeans believed, perhaps incorrectly, that ancient Egyptians had mummified their dead using a waxy black asphalt like substance called bitumen. They also thought that bitumen was a cure all medicine. And so putting two and two together, Europe figured, hey, why don't we grind these bitumen covered mummies into powder to mix into drinkable tonics and tinctures, which is exactly what they did and continued to do all the way into the 17th century. And the irony is astounding. Here you had a white population that famously portrayed people of color as cannibalistic savages while literally eating those very people's dead bodies. You cannot make this stuff up. Now, exocannibalism, that is the practice of eating outsiders, did extend beyond Europe, just not in the way that King Kong movies might have you believe. Usually, exo cannibalism was performed during times of war when victorious armies would eat the enemy dead by reducing the opposing side to nothing more than a game animal. In a symbolic way, it showed dominance in battle. But here's the thing. Most cannibalism practiced across the world isn't violent at all. In fact, it's a gesture of love. And endocannibalism, or the act of consuming members of one's own community, is a time honored means of caring for the dead. Take for example, the funerary tradition from Brazil's Wari people. There, when someone died, it was seen as cruel to leave them to rot in the cold, unforgiving ground. Instead, the community would consume the body, giving the dead a new home within the living. And this was usually done not by the deceased immediate family, but by friends and acquaintances. Or it was a way of supporting the next of kin. By making the lifeless body disappear, it helped to ease the family's pain. The Wari continued this practice all the way into the 1960s, when they were forced to stop by Christian missionaries. In other cases, consuming a person's body is said to help their spirit rest in the afterlife. For the Amahuaca tribe in Peru, this involves cremating the dead before mixing the ashes into a corn or cassava beverage to be drunk by the deceased loved ones. The process assures that the person's spirit will pass on rather than lingering on earth, which is vital because a spirit stuck on earth can hurt or even kill the living. Meanwhile, among the hua of Papua New guinea, mortuary cannibalism is tied to the concept of new, an essential life essence. Every part of the body, from spit to fingernails and flesh, contains this new. And while alive, you're constantly gaining and losing more of it based on your actions. When a parent raises a child, their new begins flowing out of them and into their offspring. And when that parent dies, the child will eat their body, completing the transfer of nu between generations. Of course, not all cannibalism is voluntary. Sometimes it's a desperate bid for survival. Just look at the Donner party of the 1840s, or the ill fated Franklin expedition, or the Uruguayan rugby team whose plane crashed in the Andes in 1972. In all of these cases, people were faced with a stark cannibalism or death. And they chose to live, even if it meant defying one of their culture's greatest taboos. But then again, there are some moments in history when choosing death might have been the better option. Foreign. Deep in Siberia sits a small, unassuming patch of land called Nazino Island. At only two miles long and a third of a mile across, you would think that this swampy, flood prone spot in the middle of nowhere would have been completely irrelevant to history. A non place, unmemorable. Except, well, it is remembered, just not by its actual name. You see, Nazino island is better known by another title. They call it Cannibal Island. But let's rewind. It was the winter of 1933 and Joseph Stalin had big plans. He wanted to industrialize agriculture for one, a policy that many peasants fought back against, much to his chagrin. Why did they oppose the measure, you might ask? Well, because it had prompted a massive famine and they just so happened to be starving to death. And, and on top of that, Stalin required everyone in major cities to carry a special passport. The catch? He only gave you one if he liked you. No passport meant that you had to vacate your home within 10 days. And surprise, surprise, people weren't stoked on that either, with many refusing to leave. In short, there were a lot of people getting in Stalin's way and he needed them gone. By spring of 1933, 90,000 people had been arrested in Moscow and Leningrad alone. The prisons were completely full. With starvation and typhus running rampant. It became clear to Stalin they were going to need somewhere else to store these pesky dissidents. Somewhere like a remote Siberian gulag. Now this is neither here nor there, but it is a fun fact. Gulag is actually an acronym. It stands for, and bear with my Russian here, Glovne u provlne lagere, which was the arm of the government that oversaw all these camps. Anyway, by mid April, nearly 500,000 people occupied the Soviet Union's gulags. And on the afternoon of May 18th of 1933, 5,000 deportees were sent to a shiny new gulag, a little place called Nazino Island. And let's be clear here, these weren't hardened criminals that they were rounding up. The deportees were regular people just unlucky enough to earn a side eye from Stalin's goons. They Grabbed a family man who had stepped out to buy cigarettes. A Kremlin firefighter who was accidentally carrying the wrong id, a Communist Youth member arrested while leaving the opera, and even a pregnant woman married to a Russian naval officer who made the grievous mistake of visiting a train station. All of them shipped off to the Gulag. And if that sounds eerily familiar to anything in the present day, well, you said it, not me. After weeks crammed into trains and riverboats with barely any food, the prisoners were finally dumped on Nazino Island. And what awaited them there? Why, that would be nothing. No buildings, no resources. Just a cold, swampy strip of land in the middle of nowhere where they were expected to make their own shelters and somehow grow their own food. Unfortunately, not only were these mostly city people with no clue how to do any of that stuff, but at least a third of them were so weak and emaciated they couldn't even stand. And then it began to snow. Now, okay, maybe I'm being a bit unfair about Russia's generosity here. They did provide the Nazino prisoners with some rations. But by rations, I mean one pound of flour per person. Not a container, mind you, loose flour. The lucky ones caught it in their hats or their shoes, but there was still no way to cook it, nor anything to mix it with, except for dirty river water, which quickly led to dysentery. Many died in the first couple of days, some of starvation from the journey, others executed by trigger happy guards. Corpses began to pile up and what do you know? Within only two days of arrival, many of those corpses found themselves relieved of their fleshiest bits. Cannibal island had begun to earn its name. Now, at first it looked like standard survival cannibalism, that is, people consuming parts of the already deceased out of pure desperation. But 11 days after survival, three young men were arrested for killing a man in order to eat him. When asked whether he'd ever consumed human flesh, one of them replied, no, I only ate livers and hearts. Other similar arrests soon followed, and that was that. The precedent for violence was set. And look, I wish that I could tell you that's as bad as it got, but it isn't. And I know it's hard to fathom what could possibly be worse than murdering and eating people. Well, unfortunately, there is an obvious answer to that. Eating them without the murder part. Yes, the residents of Nazino island began devouring people alive. Now, I'm going to tell you what happened as plainly as I can, but fair warning, it is gruesome. So if you Want to step away, now would be the time. In one incident, a local Ostyak Siberian woman who lived near the island recalled meeting a deportee whose legs were freezing cold and wrapped in rags. And the reason? All the flesh had been carved off her calves. They did that to me on the island of Death, she said. They cut them off and cooked them. Another Ostyak woman recalled passing the island, presumably by boat, and seeing something swaying in the distant trees. Drifting closer, she realized what it was. Human flesh wrapped in rags and hanging from the branches. No one was safe from the terrors of Nazino. In other stories, a young guard fell in love with one of the girls who'd been sent to the island. He did his best to protect her, but one day his duties took him away. When he returned, he found her tied to a poplar tree, her breasts, muscles and flesh carved away. But worst of all, the girl was still alive. Suffice to say, officials tried to downplay the absolute horrors occurring at the Gulag, but clearly things were not working out, which, yes, may be the understatement of the century. In early June, they decided enough was enough. The government relocated the island's prisoners to a number of other Gulags, which, while the conditions weren't much better, at least didn't involve mass scale cannibalism. 5000 human beings arrived at Nazino mere weeks prior. By the time the authorities finally intervened and relocated them, only half of them were left. Humans are capable of overwhelming cruelty and immense kindness. And somehow both extremes are on full display here. In the controversial act of consuming another person on Azino island, we learned just how monstrous people can be when pushed to the limit of survival. There, hunger and fear took over, leaving humanity behind. But then we have examples like the rituals of the Wahri people graciously taking their dead neighbors into their bodies as an act of loyalty and love. Polar opposite intent, united by the same action. Which just goes to show, perhaps there is no such thing as an inherently good or evil act. Maybe it all comes down to context. And speaking of context, we wouldn't even know about the circumstances on Nazino island if not for one single person. You see, In July of 1933, Communist Party member Vasily Veliko was sent to make a report about how successful the resettlement project in the Nazino area was going to. But instead of singing the Gulag's praises like he was supposed to, Belico wrote a 20 page report on the horrific deaths on Nazino and the terrible conditions of the survivors, emphasizing that many of them should never have been deported in the first place. And he sent his report straight to the Kremlin, where an internal investigation found that Veliko's report was true. Several local officials were quietly fired, and the report was buried in the archives, which is where it remained all the way until the 1980s, when the story came to light for the very first time. The fact is, if it weren't for Veliko's defiant report, we likely would never have learned about the atrocities at all. But he chose to speak up. And as a result, he prevented thousands of people's stories from being swept under the rug of history. So you see, it's not good that matters, not evil, just each individual one of us choosing to do what's right and to speak the truth. After all, there seems to be multiple ways to serve man. Thank you for joining me at the dinner table today as we explored some of history's most questionable meals. But I hope you save room for dessert because there's one more piping hot story on the menu ready to be served. Stick around through this brief sponsor break to hear all about it. Su Yang was under siege. The year was 757 in the Tang Dynasty in China, and anti Tang rebels had been at Su Yang's door for months. The city was a strategic place to attack, located on a major canal. If the rebels managed to take Suyang, the entire region would likely fall soon after. In other words, the Tang soldiers were willing to do anything, and I mean anything, to prevent that from happening. But there was a problem. Like I said, the siege had already been underway for months, and food was running low. Food that the defending soldiers sorely needed. In order to be strong enough to hold off the rebels. The first thing to go was the grain supply. And so the soldiers chewed on tea leaves, paper, and tree bark to keep their hunger pains at bay. Then they killed and ate their horses. And when the horses were gone, they turned to rats and birds. And finally, when the rats and birds ran out, Commander Zhang Xiong issued an order. He told his troops to start eating civilians. And there it was. A formal official order, documented by history, for a defending army to kill and eat the very civilians of the city that they were supposedly defending. And apparently, Jang Xiong led by example. You men have lacked food for a long time, he said. Yet your loyalty has not faltered in the least. I regret that I cannot cut off my own flesh to feed you. But how could I watch the troops go hungry for the sake of a single concubine? And then Zheng Xiu dragged his own beloved concubine out in front of his assembled army, killed her before their eyes, and offered her body up as meat. The soldiers wept at the sight, but they had no choice. He had ordered them to eat her. What options did they have now? Of course, one woman wouldn't be enough to feed an entire army. And so Jiang Sheng ordered his army to eat all the women and girls in Su Yang. And once again, they followed those orders, systematically killing and eating an entire gender. And still, the siege wasn't over. Once there were no more women in Su Yang, the soldiers were directed to begin on old men of the city. And after the old men were gone, they ate the young boys. But alas, none of it would be enough. The rebels succeeded, and finally the city of Su Yang fell, taking Jang Xiong along with it. Only days later, a relief force arrived and drove the rebels out. But to their horror, there was very little left to defend. Between 30,000 and 50,000 people had been cannibalized. According to some sources, only 400 civilians remained alive. Now, you might think that Commander Jiang Xiong probably shouldn't have systematically killed and eaten an entire city's worth of innocent people, but history is a funny thing. The victors tell the story, as they say. And in the case of the siege of Su Yang, that would be the Tang Dynasty, who did manage to remain in power despite the death toll. So what story did Tang's supporters tell about the bloody events of those fateful months? Why? It's simple. Commander Zheng Xiang was commemorated not as a cannibal, but as a war hero and a Marty. This episode of Lore was produced by me, Aaron Manke, with writing by Jenna Rose Nethercott, research by Cassandra de Alba and music by Chad Lawson. Folks, it is official. My brand new creepy history book Exhumed is finally here. Available in hardcover ebook and an audio version narrated by me. Exhumed is 300 pages of brand new material exploring the strange and twisted roots of the New England vampire Panic and its star player, Mercy Brown. Longtime fans of Lore and my other show Unobscured can think of Exhumed as a brand new season of Unobscured. All about the subject of the very first episode of Lore. Grab your copy today. Head over to aaronmankey.com exhumed and I'll put the link to that in the description for this episode. Don't like hearing ads on Lore. There's a paid version on Apple Podcasts and patreon that is 100% ad free. Paid subscribers also get weekly mini bonus episodes called Lore Bytes and Patreon members specifically get discounts on Lore Merch and access to my inbox. Learn more about how you can support the show over@lorepodcast.com support follow the show on YouTube, threads, blue sky and Instagram. Just search for Lore Podcast, all one word and then click that follow button. And when you do, say hi. I like it when people say hi. And as always, thanks for listening.