Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Day — "Arbitrary" (November 2, 2025)

Overview

This episode of Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Day explores the adjective "arbitrary." The host, Peter Sokolowski, delves into its definitions, usage in context, etymology, and evolution. The episode’s purpose is to enrich vocabulary and produce a clearer understanding of how “arbitrary” functions in the English language.

Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Definition and Modern Meaning

• "Arbitrary" is described as something not planned or chosen for a particular reason, not based on reason or evidence, or done without concern for what is fair or right.
  • [00:42] “Arbitrary is an adjective. It describes something that is not planned or chosen for a particular reason, is not based on reason or evidence, or is done without concern for what is fair or right.” — Peter Sokolowski

2. Example of Usage

• A sentence from Helen Castor's historical work is used to show how “arbitrary” applies to political power:
  • “Such devastatingly radical action could never be justified unless kingship became tyranny, rule by arbitrary will rather than law, threatening the interests of kingdom and people instead of defending them.” — [01:23]

3. Etymology and Historical Meaning

• The origin of "arbitrary" is traced back to Latin:
  • “The word arbitrary comes from the Latin noun arbiter, which means judge, and is the source of the English word arbiter, also meaning judge.” — [01:55]
• Initially, “arbitrary” meant depending upon choice or discretion (especially decisions left up to a judge), not yet carrying its modern, negative overtones.

4. Shift in Meaning

• Over time, the word expanded to describe decisions not based on law or reason, and currently can apply to anything determined by chance or whim.

5. Playful Commentary on Learning

• The use of judicial imagery (black robes and a powdered wig) to learn vocabulary is referenced humorously as potentially arbitrary, echoing the definition and etymology of the word itself.

Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• [00:43] Definition Delivery:
  “Arbitrary is an adjective. It describes something that is not planned or chosen for a particular reason, is not based on reason or evidence, or is done without concern for what is fair or right.” — Peter Sokolowski

• [01:23] Historical Example Highlight:
  “Such devastatingly radical action could never be justified unless kingship became tyranny, rule by arbitrary will rather than law, threatening the interests of kingdom and people instead of defending them.” — from Helen Castor, highlighted by Peter Sokolowski

• [01:55] Etymology Note:
  “The word arbitrary comes from the Latin noun arbiter, which means judge, and is the source of the English word arbiter, also meaning judge.” — Peter Sokolowski

• [02:11] Modern Connotation:
  “Today, it can also be used for anything determined by or as if by chance or whim.” — Peter Sokolowski

Timestamps for Key Segments

• [00:42] — Introduction of "arbitrary" and its chief meaning
• [01:23] — Notable usage example from English history
• [01:55] — Etymological background (Latin "arbiter")
• [02:11] — Explanation of expanded, modern use

Tone and Style

Peter Sokolowski delivers definitions and etymology in a clear, concise, and slightly playful tone, ensuring accessibility and engagement for listeners. The use of both scholarly context and lighthearted examples caters to both casual word enthusiasts and serious learners.