John Krakauer, neuroscientist & neurologist, builds therapeutic games for a living, and he is also one of the most honest skeptics you will hear on what actually helps the brain. In this conversation we get into the messy truth behind brain training, why he does not buy most of the hype, and the one long-term study on dementia that he genuinely cannot explain away.

From there we go somewhere bigger. We talk about why AI keeps looking smarter every year (and why part of that might be us getting a little dumber), why "uploading your brain" belongs in the same bucket as imagining a plane flying backwards, and why the whole idea of longevity might be a misnomer, since most people do not want more years, they want to be young again.In this episode you will learn:- How most brain training falls short of what it promises, and the surprising result that made Krakauer pause- Why language lets us describe impossible things fluently, and what that means for claims about consciousness and brain uploading- Why medicine reaches for the gadget and skips the hard behavioural work, and why it can be harder to rehabilitate doctors than patients- What immersive, almost psychedelic digital experiences might offer for healing without any drug involvedChapters00:00 Introduction to John and his work in neurotechnology02:06 Overview of the Champlimaud Institute for Brain Research and Repair03:59 Digital Neurotherapeutic Center and its impact06:51 Comparing Hopkins and Champlimaud's approaches to neurotherapy09:55 The concept of digital psychedelics and immersive experiences15:02 Decoupling psychedelic experiences from drugs19:52 Long-term effects of brain training and cognitive games24:50 The potential of digital psychedelics in stroke and neuroplasticity29:56 The importance of sleep, diet, and exercise for brain health34:58 The future of brain uploading and collective consciousness40:06 The role of exergaming and immersive therapy spaces44:48 Prevention and treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases49:54 Barriers to behavioral change in medicine and wellness55:07 The cultural and societal aspects of longevity and aging01:00:09 The human desire for youth and the meaning of aging01:04:58 The limitations of AI and the imagination of future technology01:09:56 Book recommendations and reflections on culture and philosophy

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