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Narrator
Residence Day savings are happening now at the Home Depot with up to 40% off select appliances. Looking to upgrade your fridge? Check out LG's newest model serving up ice in all kinds of styles cubed crushed craft ice and now new mini craft ice straight from the dispenser. From cold brew to fizzy favorites, these refrigerators will have you entertaining like a pro. Shop President's day savings and get up to 40% off plus free delivery on select appliances like LG at the Home Depot. Free delivery on appliance purchases of $1,498 or more offer valid February 5th through the 25th US only. See store online for details. It is the morning of May 2, 1982, deep in the South Atlantic Ocean. The General Belgrano, a heavy Argentine cruiser carrying more than a thousand men, is heading westward. The Belgrano first took to the sea during the Second World War under a different name, the USS Phoenix. Some sailors whisper that it's bad luck to change a ship's name. On board, Captain Hector Bonzo paces the command deck, keeping an eye on the ship's instruments. A career naval officer in his mid-50s, he is balding, with a neat mustache and the calm, deliberate manner of a man who has spent many months of his life at sea. His gaze shifts now to the growing restlessness of the water. The Belgrano cuts a steady line, sailing south of what Bonzo calls Las Isla Malvinas, known in English as the Falkland Islands. They've been under British rule since the 19th century, but they're only 300 miles from the coast of Argentina, and its new leadership seeks to claim them once and for all. The Belgrano is just outside what the British call the total exclusion zone, a circle of ocean extending 200 nautical miles from the islands, inside which any Argentine ship or aircraft can be attacked without warning. For now, Bonzo keeps his crew at action stations, every man at his post ready for combat. Outside, the wind is strengthening, blowing at more than 30 knots, and heavy waves roll in from the west, drumming against the cruiser's sides. Somewhere beyond the gray horizon, the British fleet is patrolling. Airstrikes are a risk, but the greater danger lies below the surface, where nuclear powered submarines move silently through the depths. The Belgrano shudders as another wave strikes her bows. To ease the pounding, Bonzo orders a slight turn, bringing her onto a heading of 270 degrees into the wind, the exclusion zone behind them. The helmsman repeats the order, and slowly the cruiser adjusts a great hull, meeting the waves at a better ANGLE Nearby, the two accompanying destroyers struggle to match her course and speed. Bonzo watches them through the bridge windows as they ease back a few knots, sparing their crews from the worst of the sea's fury. Later that afternoon, just as the Belgrano is nearing its 1600 watch change, Captain Bonzo is leaving the communications room. But as he begins to descend a set of steps, a tremendous explosion tears through the hull. The ship jolts violently and as if struck from above, but the blast from a torpedo has come from below. The lights overhead flicker, then die. The cruiser grinds to a sudden halt and begins to list sharply to port. Bonzo gropes his way back toward the command deck when a second underwater missile hits a column of black smoke. Water and debris erupts 80ft into the air. Water now surges through the jagged wound in the hull, and everywhere there is shouting, panicked men racing to assess the damage. Steam hisses from fractured pipes and oil spreads across the decks. The list accelerates, creeping at nearly a degree a minute. There is only one option now. Captain Bonzo gives the orders to abandon ship. The sinking of the General Belgrana on May 2, 1982, was one of the most controversial events of the Falklands War. Despite being around 40 nautical miles outside the exclusion zone imposed by the British forces, it was sunk after being struck with torpedoes from the British submarine HMS Conqueror. The strike resulted in the deaths of 323 Argentine sailors, nearly half of Argentina's total casualties during the conflict. Although the escalation over the preceding months was swift, in some ways, the Falklands War had been simmering for centuries. Argentina, the closest mainland nation to the islands, saw them as a part of its territory and national identity. While Britain defended its historical claim, citing the wishes of the islanders. In April 1982, decades of tension exploded into war, leaving nearly 1,000 dead. But how did the islands fall under British control in the first place? Why did the war break out after so many years of diplomacy? And how did the political situations in both countries contribute to one of the strangest conflicts in modern British history? I'm John Hopkins from the Noiser Podcast Network. This is a short history of the Falklands War. In 1690, John Strong, the English captain of HMS Welfare, is on his way to Chile. But a violent storm drives him east until he finds a scattered chain of 740 islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 300 miles east of what is now Argentina. He has heard of these islands before, but as far as he knows, no one has ever set foot on their uninhabited shores. Stopping here a while, Captain Strong notes that the islands offer good harbors and discovers fresh water and an abundance of geese and ducks, easy prey for a hungry crew. Before sailing on his way, Strong names the sea between the two largest islands after the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Falkland. Accordingly, the two main islands become, in British parlance at least, east and West Falkland. After Strong's departure, the islands remain uninhabited. But in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht, made between several European states, confirms Spain's control over its American territories, including the Falklands. Half a century later, in 1764, a French explorer claims the islands in the name of Louis XV and establishes a settlement he calls Port Louis on East Falkland. He names the archipelago Les Iles Malwin, after St. Malo, which later becomes the root of Argentina's Las Islas Malvinas. This occupation will lie at the root of all subsequent Argentine claims to the islands. The next year, British Commodore John Byron, nicknamed Foul Weather Jack, lands on West Falkland. Hoisting the Union flag, he officially claims the islands for Britain, plants a vegetable patch and sails away. In short order, another British captain sails out to consolidate Foul Weather Jack's Landing and to build a fort. But in doing so, he encounters for the first time the French at Port Louis. Neither party is happy to see the other, and most furious of all are the Spanish, who consider the claims of both nations to be in breach of the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht. France, at that time an ally of Spain, cedes its claim to the islands in exchange for handsome compensation for the French noblemen who claimed them. A new Spanish governor is appointed and the French vacate the islands. But though the British do not give up so easily, they withdraw their garrison in 1774 for economic reasons, leaving behind a plaque that asserts their claim. Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman is the official historian of the Falklands Campaign.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
Various countries made various claims to the island. They were basically part of the Spanish Latin American empire when that started to collapse, and what became Argentina was independent from Spain. They believed that this was theirs and semi occupied it. It was very unclear exactly who was there for how long. And then, in January 1833, in an incident which also involved the Americans, basically the Royal Navy expelled the Argentine garrison, such as it was, and occupied it, and stayed there ever since.
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Narrator
From 1833, Britain takes control of the islands and a small permanent colony begins to take shape. The islanders make their living as whalers, sealers and sheep farmers, while the capital, Port Stanley, serves as a vital stopover for ships preparing to navigate the treacherous Cape Horn. At the southern Tip of the Americas. The islanders see themselves as British, though Argentina never fully surrenders its claim. Nothing much changes in the Falklands, the lives of the villagers adhering to the natural rhythms of the seasons. But even here, hundreds of miles from the nearest neighbor, the devastation left behind by the Second World War changes everything. The conflict redraws the map of the world, leaving old colonial empires diminished. As the tide of decolonization sweeps through the world. Argentina seizes the moment, bringing the Falklands dispute back out of obscurity and onto the world stage. Because for Argentina, the Falkland Islands are more than just territory. They are a symbol of national pride. At the United nations in New York, Argentina's diplomats argue before the General assembly that the Islas Malvinas are a colonial leftover that must be decolonized by returning them to Argentine Hands in 1965, the UN's Resolution 2065 recognizes that a sovereignty dispute exists and urges negotiation. Diplomacy begins, but matters are not helped in September 1966, when a group of armed youths called the New Argentina Movement hijack a plane and land it on the islands. There, the rebels waved their flag in a brief symbolic act of defiance.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
In the 1960s, when decolonization was the rage, the British were quite keen to find a way of transferring sovereignty to the Argentinians, who clearly wanted it, and they thought they'd reached an agreement in the late 1960s. 68. But there was a rebellion against this in the House of Commons on the grounds that the people who were living there didn't want to be part of Argentina, they wanted to be part of the United Kingdom. And at that point, a promise was made to the islanders that sovereignty would not be transferred or changes to their status would not be agreed against their wishes. Now, if they'd said against their interests, that would have allowed all sorts of possibilities about how you construct their interests. But once you said wishes, it effectively gave them a veto over whether they should have their sovereignty transferred or not.
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Narrator
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
In 1971, the British persuaded the Argentinians that maybe the best way to handle this was just to improve communications between the mainland and the island. So establish an air bridge and a sea bridge, so get access to hospitals to get easier food supplies and medicines or whatever. And this was agreed. The communications agreement was agreed, but it didn't particularly turn into greater enthusiasm to be part of the mainland.
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Narrator
By the mid-1970s, Argentina has other things on its plate. After the death of her husband, Juan Peron in July 1974, Isabelle Peron assumes the presidency, a role she struggles to fill. Inflation soars, strikes grip the cities and political violence rages between left wing guerrillas and right wing death squads. The military, firmly on the right, sees itself as the guardian of national order and grows impatient. Then, on March 24, 1976, the Armed Forces move in. Isabelle Peron is removed from office and taken into custody. The coup installs a far right, three man junta, or military group, headed by General Jorge Rafael Videla. The junta launches what it calls the National Reorganization Process, promising to restore stability and eliminate left wing subversion. In reality, they create one of the darkest dictatorships in Latin American history. The era of the Dirty war, in which the regime wages a brutal campaign against its own people. The same year, Argentina establishes an unauthorized, though unopposed, presence in the South Sandwich Islands, around 800 miles southeast of the Falklands. Thousands of miles away in Britain, 1979 sees Margaret Thatcher, the daughter of a grocer, become the nation's first female prime minister. With her blue suits, pearls and resolute poise, she has already won a reputation for steely conviction, promising tough economic reforms and a firm hand against strikes and public unrest.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
When the Thatcher government came in in 1979, the Foreign Office managed to persuade them that it was probably unwise to leave this too long and should try and do a deal. And they did agree a sort of deal with the junta, which involved leaseback. That is, the British would transfer sovereignty, but then sort of lease the islands back so that the population could carry on as they were. And this seems sensible enough, but there were obvious problems. First, how long would the leaseback be? Secondly, could Argentina put its own people on the islands, as the freeholder? And third, would what about the wishes of the islanders, going back to the 1968 commitment? So what happened was that the minister in charge in the Foreign Office, Nicholas Ridley, went to the Falklands in late 1980 and was somehow trying to convince the islanders that it would be their idea to go for leaseback. And they weren't at all convinced. And even less so was the Commons convinced when Ridley came back and tried to explain what he was up to. So, effectively, negotiations ended at this point, at the end of 1918.
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Narrator
By the early 1980s, Argentina's rule in junta is faltering and the economy is in free fall. Public trust in the leadership has also collapsed, not least thanks to years of so called disappearances in which anyone considered subversive is at risk of abduction and murder at the hands of the government. Into this turmoil steps General Leopoldo Galtieri. Energetic and impulsive, he is convinced that bold action can restore Argentina's prestige.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
And a new Hunter was formed in late 81, with General Galtieri, the Army chief in charge. One of the key figures was Admiral Anaya, who was a navy chief who'd spent some time in the UK as a naval attache. And that hadn't unfortunately made him an Anglophile. And he made it a condition of joining the Hunter that they had to go to retrieve the Falklands and the date they had in mind. And this is why. The relevance of 1833 was January 1983, 150th anniversary of what they thought was the illegal British seizure.
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Narrator
Meanwhile, in Britain, Margaret Thatcher's government faces its own troubles with recession and unrest. Gualtieri and Anaya believe that in the current circumstances, their plan to retrieve the Falklands could be achievable.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So they developed a plan once in government, which involved testing the British to see if they would agree a process to transfer sovereignty peacefully. And if this wasn't forthcoming, they would go back to the General assembly in late 1982, and if still nothing was going on, then they would invade. So that was the plan with which they entered 1982. So what then happened was negotiations did in fact take place in New York between the British and Argentinian delegation. And they were actually quite amicable. The Argentinians pushed a bit and the British pushed back, but the junta was pretty cross with what their Foreign Ministry had done. So they sort of disavowed the communique which came out of that, and that started ringing alarm bells in London, that maybe something was up and meetings were called and studies commissioned and so on. But before all that could happen, there was an incident in South Georgia.
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Narrator
A remote British administered territory. South Georgia is located about 800 miles southeast of the Falkland Islands. Though it has no permanent residents, it has a temporary population who work at research stations such as those run by the British antarctic survey. In March 1982, a scrap metal merchant hired to clear an old whaling station arrives with help from Argentinian marines who erect the country's flag on the island. When the British researchers discover them, London demands their withdrawal. Although the Argentines lower the flag, they don't leave, creating a tense diplomatic standoff. A small detachment of Royal Marines is sent to maintain a British presence, but the matter remains unresolved. Amid reports from London suggesting Britain may soon reinforce its South Atlantic defences, the Argentine junta sees a window of opportunity.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
And at this point, the junta decided to bring forward their plan. So the plan that they were going to implement later in the year, they were going to implement now. And they did so because of various leaks and news reports and so on from London, which persuaded them that those who wanted to hold on to the island were going to press the British to strengthen their military position in the South Atlantic, so it would become much harder later in the year to take the island. So they were reinforced in this by an assumption the British just wouldn't bother. I mean, as soon as they landed and clearly were in position, the British would accept the position.
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Narrator
But in this belief, the junta is gravely mistaken. As Argentina moves its forces into position, British intelligence picks up warnings of an imminent invasion of the Falklands. In London, Thatcher convenes her ministers and officials to confront the unfolding crisis. But the meeting is interrupted by the arrival of Sir Henry Leach, First Sea Lord.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
He walked into this meeting because he'd seen the intelligence and realized what they might be discussing. And he explained that it would be possible to send a task force. Now, this is not at all what the Argentinians expected, and they'd made an error here in that if they'd stuck with their original plan, it would have been far harder to assemble the task force later in the year, because the previous year, in 1981, a British defence review had recommended all sorts of cuts in the Royal Navy. But as it happened, a lot of the Navy was at sea. Some exercises in Gibraltar, it was Easter, A lot of the marines and parachuters that were going to be sent were easily available.
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Narrator
Even so, any plans they make in London now will be too late to prevent the invasion from happening 8,000 miles away. On the morning of 2 April, Argentine ships carrying several thousand troops close in on the islands. Landing at key points across East Falkland, they begin to disembark. In Stanley, a small British garrison of just 68 Royal Marines prepares to defend the seat of colonial administration, Government House, home of the island's governor, Rex Hunt. But they know the odds are against them. At around 6:30, Lieutenant Commander Pedro Edgardo Giacchino leads an Argentine assault on Government House. Gunfire erupts as the defenders fire from windows and satisfaction and back positions. Giacchino is hit at the entrance and later dies of his wounds. For over two hours, the outnumbered Marines hold their ground. But at 9:30 in the morning, the British garrison surrenders. In total, four Argentinians die in the battle. With one British non commissioned officer badly wounded, the Union Jack is lowered and Argentine forces take control of Stanley. Dressed in full uniform, Rex Hunt departs for the airport, stopping briefly at the local radio station to record a farewell message to the islanders. The short, defiant stand is over, but the conflict for the Falklands has only just begun. President Galtieri appoints General Mario Menendez as the new governor of the islands and commander of the Argentinian force deployed to defend them. Meanwhile, the Falkland Islanders adapt to the new situation.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
They weren't brutalised. We were talking about a very small population at the time, barely 1,800 people. It wasn't a big urban conurbation. One major town capital, Port Stanley, and then settlements around the islands. So a lot of them moved out of Stanley, Some moved out of the Falklands if they could, and they learned to cope. They listened to their radios and worked out what was going on. So as well as they could, they got on with their lives.
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Narrator
The next day, South Georgia also falls. After a brief, fierce clash, news of the victory reaches Buenos Aires, where crowds flood the streets, waving blue and white flags, singing and cheering. To many Argentines, it feels like a moment of national redemption. The Malvinas are finally theirs.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
We heard you.
- [27:36]
Narrator
Nine years of bring back the snack wrap and you've won. But maybe you should have asked for more. Say hello to the hot honey snack wrap.
- [27:45]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
Now you've really won.
- [27:47]
Narrator
Go to McDonald's and get it while you can. This episode is brought to you by State Farm.
- [27:53]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
Listening to this podcast? Smart move.
- [27:56]
Narrator
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- [28:03]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
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- [28:06]
Narrator
Just another way to save with a personal price plan. Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there. Prices are based on rating plans that vary by state. Coverage options are selected by the customer, availability, amount of discounts and savings and eligibility vary by state. Forewarned of the Argentine invasion, Margaret Thatcher convenes her war cabinet. Within days, a Royal Navy task force is assembled, eventually numbering some 127 ships, including the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible. Meanwhile, on April 3, 1982, the UN Security Council demands Argentina's immediate withdrawal. When diplomacy fails, Britain commits to retaking the islands by force. On April 5, the fleet sails from Portsmouth. It is the largest British naval deployment since the Second World War. Yet for some in Britain, the very existence of the Falklands comes as a surprise. Often mistakenly. Located off the coast of Scotland, the island's position and history are now explained in the press as newspapers seek to educate a curious public. Even in Argentina, reactions are mixed. The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges later dismisses the conflict as a quarrel between two bald men over a combination. As the British Navy powers south towards the Falklands, diplomacy continues in the hope of brokering a settlement before the fighting begins. For a time, there seems to be movement, but though the British are willing to make significant concessions, the gap between the two sides remains too wide. The Argentine insistence that negotiations focus solely on the transfer of sovereignty is something Britain can't accept, especially now that the islanders themselves, shaken by invasion, are more determined than ever to remain British. So it is that as the prospect of a diplomatic solution fades, the path to war becomes inevitable. On April 25, 1982, British forces recapture South Georgia. But there's still 800 miles to go, and retaking the Falkland Islands won't be so easy. When it finally reaches its destination at the end of April, the task force will be operating nearly 8,000 miles from home. It's very different for the Argentinians, who are just 300 miles away, are a mere stone's throw in comparison.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So the biggest problems the British were going to face was they were a long way from home and they were vulnerable to attack, possibly by Argentine submarines, certainly by Argentine aircraft. So the original plan when they arrived was that Admiral Woodward, in charge of the task force, gave the impression that the British were going to land on the islands to draw the Argentinians out, which weren't. So there were a number of air encounters during the day which demonstrated that the UK Harrier aircraft probably had superiority over the Argentinian aircraft. But the Argentine fleet came out as well, and this led to one of the most significant encounters of the war.
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Narrator
Since April 12, a maritime exclusion zone has been imposed by the British around the Falklands. Any Argentine naval vessel entering the zone can be attacked, though any vessel believed to pose a threat beyond it also risks engagement. But as the task force arrives, the area is upgraded to a total exclusion zone, 200 nautical miles in radius and covering all Argentine forces, ships, submarines and aircraft. On May 1, the South Atlantic becomes a chessboard of ships and submarines, with the British inside the total exclusion zone. Argentine Admiral Juan Lombardo orders his naval forces to attack any units of the British task force they spot. His cruiser, the General Belgrano moves from the south, while the carrier Venticinco de Mayo advances from the north. Deep below the surface, the nuclear powered submarine HMS Conqueror picks up the Belgrano group and begins to track it. But above Sea level. Admiral John Woodward, commanding the main British fleet, can't find the Ventico de Mayo, which was earlier observed from the air on the Argentine side. Both naval groups are ordered to maintain holding positions. But Woodward fears a trap.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
Admiral Woodward thought he was going to be caught in a pincer movement because he knew that the Conqueror was tailing the Belgrano group. The other submarines hadn't been able to find the carrier group, but he knew it was coming because an aircraft had spotted them. So Woodward asked for the Conqueror to be able to attack the Belgrano. He couldn't order them to do so. The Conqueror was controlled from the UK headquarters in London. And anyway, you needed to change the rules of engagement once again to allow the carrier to be attacked, because although it initially seemed to be going into the exclusion zone, it was skirting it.
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Narrator
Communications, however, are painfully slow. The submarine's antennae are far from reliable, as are the long range radio signals that must carry messages across thousands of miles.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
Eventually, hours and hours after the original crisis, which had encouraged Woodward to ask for the Conqueror to attack the Belgrano, it did attack and sank the Belgrano with a considerable loss of life. This created a great scandal because after the war there were all sorts of conspiracy theories about why it was done. It was really about trying to stop diplomacy or anything. It wasn't anything like that. It was simply about the problems of communication over these distances at that time. These days it would be extremely easy, but in those days it was all very difficult.
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Narrator
323 men die with the sinking of the General Belgrano, the largest number killed in any single event during the conflict. Despite the loss of life. Back in the uk, the sun newspaper leads with the gleeful headline Gotcha. And the attack sparks international controversy, with debates over its legality rippling across the world. Argentina's fleet retreats, but its air force continues to harass British ships, striking from the air whenever they can. Then, on May 4, the British destroyer HMS Sheffield is hit by an Exocet missile launched from an Argentine plane. 20 sailors die instantly. It is the first British ship lost in combat since the Second World War and a sign that the battle for the Falklands is far from over. After the sinking of the Belgrano, a new attempt at diplomacy begins. UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, a skilled negotiator from Peru, steps in to broker a peace agreement. But while talks continue, the British press on with their preparations. It's decided that the main amphibious landing will take place at Port San Carlos on the northwestern coast. Of East Falkland. With the Argentines expecting a landing near Stanley, this quieter spot gives the British the best chance to get ashore quickly.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
The problem was with San Carlos was it was just in range of the mainland, so the Argentine aircraft could attack it, and they did. And you had a few days of very intensive attacks on the task force, which a number of ships were lost or badly damaged. It could have been worse because there were problems with the fusing of some of the Argentine bombs, but it was difficult enough and it led to the British having to do a lot of the unloading at night and move backwards and forward.
- [36:43]
Narrator
As British forces land from May 21 onwards, Argentine aircraft launch relentless attacks. The waters around San Carlos Bay soon earn the grim nickname Bomb Alley. Amid these assaults, tragedy strikes the British. With the loss of the Atlantic conveyor, a vital supply ship carrying helicopters and essential equipment, its destruction proves critical. Without those aircraft, British troops must make the long, grueling march across East Falkland to Stanley on foot. Nevertheless, the task force manages to land some 4,000 troops at San Carlos and elsewhere on East Falkland. Now on land, they prepare to face the larger, but mostly conscripted Argentinian army. As the British troops march east, their first major land battle erupts at Goose Green, a small settlement slightly off the main route to Port stanley. There, around 1,200 Argentine soldiers hold the settlement of just over 100 inhabitants, imprisoning many of them. The village hall.
- [37:59]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
There was quite a substantial Argentinian garrison there. It could have been ignored, but politically and I think there was a case militarily, it was quite important to show that it was possible to defeat the Argentinian forces in a direct fight. The problem was that the British had underestimated the size of the Argentinian garrison. They didn't send quite enough troops there. The colonel in charge this was the TU Para was H. Jones, who was a very aggressive, tough minded soldier. So he was sort of prepared to go on.
- [38:36]
Narrator
The Battle of Goose Green becomes the first major land battle on Falkland soil. It is a short clash, but a turning point in the war. It is the evening of May 28th in Goose Green, the small village on the narrow strip of land that connects the northern and southern parts of East Falkland. A mild, clear evening soon gives way to driving rain. From the upstairs room of his home, Eric Goss, a farm manager, has a ringside view of the fighting. The flat, wind swept farmland stretches out beneath their window, dotted with low, slung buildings. On this narrow isthmus, they are never far from water. Shells explode at regular intervals from the ships in Grantham sound in the west, sending shockwaves through the ground. Flares streak across the sky and moments later the sharp report of gunfire rattles through the darkness. At around 4 in the morning, he thinks he catches glimpses of Argentine troops retreating, though the exact course of the battle remains obscure. Now Eric joins his wife, sons and a few other friends and relatives downstairs, retreating into the safety of the shelters they've cut into the floor in the building's foundations. The only person who stays put is 82 year old Nan McCullum, who rests swaddled in a den of mattresses and blankets designed to keep her safe from falling debris. Eric manages to snatch a little sleep, but at 7:30 he is jolted awake by something that sounds alarmingly like someone trying to force their way into the house. At first, everything seems to be secure. Then comes the crash of breaking glass in the pantry. Jumping to his feet, Eric rushes out to find a disheveled young Argentinian conscript frantically scooping powdered milk into his mouth. Through gestures, the man makes it clear he is unarmed and starving. As a compromise, Eric leads him outside to the garage behind the house where a sheep's carcass hangs. It is food meant to for Eric's dog. But the soldier gratefully hacks off several chunks, then produces a field cooker from his pack and immediately sets to work preparing the meat. Eric doesn't intervene. Instead he works quickly to patch up the shattered window, anxious to prevent any more intrusions. After checking on Nan McCollum, Eric joins the other nine members of the household in the shelter beneath the floor. Many uncomfortable hours pass. At around 10 o' clock that night, a loud knocking breaks the uneasy quiet. Eric goes to the door and three Argentine soldiers push their way inside. Under the harsh electric light they look filthy and exhausted. A friend of Eric's steps forward to translate. The soldiers say Eric, they want to call a meeting and to make contact with the British forces. It is the first clear sign that the Argentines are surrendering. After two grueling days of fighting at Goose Green, the British forces finally triumph. But not before Lt. Col. Herbert Jones falls leading his men. His bravery will earn him a posthumous Victoria Cross.
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Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So Goose Green fell and from that point on I think the British had the morale advantage that although it was going to be difficult, it was pretty clear that the professionalism of the forces, they were quite well led. It's not a case of the Argentinians being conscripts and cowardly or anything. They fought quite bravely. Be wrong to say that, but they weren't particularly well led and basic things like doing patrolling to make sure they knew where the British were and how they were coming. They didn't do very much of that.
- [42:49]
Narrator
After the victory at Goose Green, the British continue their long advance east towards Port Stanley. The terrain of East Falkland is bleak and unforgiving, with wet, peaked bogs, treeless hills and biting winds. With most of their helicopters lost with the Atlantic conveyor, many men must march the 56 miles on foot, carrying heavy packs through mud and rain.
- [43:16]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So you then had a number of days whereby the British essentially had to find a way across the island, which they did, battle hopping in place called Mount Kent and laying forward. Meanwhile, reinforcements arrived on the QE2, so there was another brigade available, and this other brigade moved around the coast so that they were going to be attacking Stanley from another direction.
- [43:43]
Narrator
On June 8, at Bluff Cove on the east coast of East Falkland, Argentine aircraft attacks the British ships Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram, carrying reinforcements for the push towards the capital. The attack is devastating. While Sir Tristram is damaged on Sir Galahad, the bombing causes a fire leading to a massive explosion. When its ammunition ignites, many men are trapped below decks. Others leap into the sea to escape the flames. In total, 51 British servicemen are killed, most of them from the Welsh Guards, and many more are badly burned. Sir Galahad is later towed out to sea and sunk as a war grave. For the British, it is one of the darkest moments of the campaign, but there is still work to be done. The British launch night assaults on key hills surrounding Stanley, with fighting at close quarters in mud and darkness.
- [44:46]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
When you read about the battles, they talk about Tumbledown Mountain and so on. They're not mountains at all, they're large hills, but they were quite well defended. And so there are a series of battles. So, 13th, 14th of June, we're now at with different high ground surrounding Stanley being taken with some quite tough fighting.
- [45:09]
Narrator
The final chapter of the Falklands war unfolds on June 14, as Stanley is surrounded. The battered Argentine garrison inside the capital is starting to run out of options. Ammunition is running low, supplies have dwindled and morale is collapsing. Under the pressure, Argentine units begin pulling back, with some soldiers abandoning positions and surrendering as the British advance. By afternoon, Argentine commander General Mario Menendez faces an unavoidable truth. Further resistance will only bring needless loss of life. That evening, in a subdued room, he signs a document of surrender and hands it to Major General Jeremy Moore. It ends 74 days of fighting.
- [45:59]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So it was really quite a short war and quite a clear cut ending. And partly that was because for both sides, it was difficult to get people there. So it wasn't, you know, one of these conflicts where you can keep on pouring people in to continue the fight. You basically had to fight with what you had already taken with you. And that meant that the war came to a pretty natural conclusion.
- [46:21]
Narrator
In the days after the surrender, 11,313 Argentinians are moved to the jetties to be loaded aboard British ships for repatriation. When they eventually reach the mainland, they will receive a miserable welcome. For the British troops, the arrival home is quite different. It is July 21, 1982. The great bulk of the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes moves slowly up the Solent, the narrow strip of water separating the Isle of Wight from the English south coast. The flagship of the Falklands campaign, she dwarfs the scored of yachts and fishing boats that accompany her towards Portsmouth. Her gray hull towers above them like a moving wall, the flight deck lined with Sea Harrier jets and Sea King helicopters. The crews are out in uniform, their white caps almost glowing against the carrier's gray hull as they stand to attention along the ship's perimeter by the starboard rail. Standing with his hands behind his back, a leading seaman watches the mist lift over Portsmouth Harbour. After weeks of the cold southern seas, this is his first glimpse of home in months. The roar of a flypast greets them overhead and HMS Hermes answers with a 17 gun salute, a rare honor reserved for only the most special occasions, according to. Across the water, HMS Dolphin, the shore based submarine school, returns the salute in kind. The ship sounds her horn as she nears the narrow entrance to Portsmouth Harbor. In the distance, carried faintly over the waves, comes the music of the Royal Marines band welcoming the sailors home at last. HMS Hermes glides between the twin points of the Hunter harbor entrance, Fort Blockhouse to port and the round Tower to starboard. Then the narrow channel opens into the calm waters beyond. Now the sound of the crowd on the quayside intensifies. The leading seaman scans the assembled masses, but they are far too dense and numerous for him to catch a glimpse of his wife and infant daughter just yet. Standing shoulder to shoulder, thousands of well wishers wave their union flags and homemade welcome signs, shouting and cheering for their returning heroes of the Falklands campaign. The leading seaman can't help smiling. For the first time in weeks, the tension in his chest begins to ease. They've made it. They are home. But as the ship slows, his thoughts turn to his best friend. When they performed this ritual of lining the deck known as manning the rail. On the way out. In April, the two men had stood proudly side by side. But today the man to his right is a sailor he barely knows. He thinks of the awful afternoon when his friend lost his life and the promise he'd made to buy the first round once they were home, which will now never be kept. One last flypast rolls overhead as the carrier glides towards the dock. The crowd's cheers thunder across the water. Cameras flash from the shore. Children wave furiously. The leading seaman lifts a hand in return, forcing himself to smile despite his heavy heart and murmuring a promise under his breath to his fallen friend that he will never be forgotten. A total of 907 lives are lost during the Falklands War. 649 Argentine soldiers, 255 British troops and three Islanders. But though many of those who survive now face long years of psychological trauma, the conflict becomes a turning point in the recognition of post Traumatic stress disorder, or ptsd. Attitudes towards the condition begin to change, and veterans of the campaign will be the last generation for whom the condition goes unrecognized. And to begin with, at least untreated. The Falkland Islands remains under British sovereignty to this day and are defended by a permanent garrison. But though the war is over, its consequences will be felt for years to come.
- [51:01]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
In Britain, it sort of made Margaret Thatcher. I mean, the Conservative Party was just recovering in the polls after some pretty tough economic times. Before the war, it was just starting to recover. So it wasn't a war that completely reversed their fortunes, but it gave Thatcher an enormous boost and strengthened her own position because she'd taken some big risks. I mean, it was a big call to send the task force to go to war in this way and sort of work for her. So it was one reason why the 1980s and into the 1990s there were continuous conservative government in the UK.
- [51:40]
Narrator
In Argentina, things take a very different course. General Galtieri is forced from office on June 17, 1982, three days after the conflict ends. The junta collapses the following year, by which time it has been responsible for the disappearance of as many as 30,000 of its own citizens.
- [52:02]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
So it was good for Argentina in that sense. I mean, if you're going to have a military dictatorship and they get involved in seizing territory and then they fail to hold it, that's not very good advert for the military. And they weren't very popular anyway. I mean, they were used of gross human rights violations. So you've got democratic government and you still. It's quite tumultuous Argentinian politics, but you still have democratic government.
- [52:30]
Narrator
For the Falklanders, the war in some ways improves their position. The uncertainty over the island's future and the economic decline that caused depopulation is to some extent reversed. After the war, the population roughly doubles and the Falklands become viable once again. The residents are able to register as full British citizens, securing the right to live and work in the UK and reinforcing their connection to Britain. A brief but intense conflict, the Falklands War of 1982, left deep scars on both nations. Yet in some ways, the dispute between Britain and Argentina remains unresolved. The Argentinian people continue to call the islands Las Malvinas and assert that they rightfully belong to them.
- [53:22]
Professor Sir Lawrence Friedman
If they hadn't invaded, you can at least speculate that by now the islands would be Argentinian because they weren't wholly viable before 1982. The economy was not good, the youngsters were leaving, population was going down. At some point, they just wouldn't have been viable. And it wasn't necessarily that far away, but because of the invasion and the British commitment, it became viable. So that's sort of one of the paradoxes of this episode. It's best not to be too impatient.
- [53:58]
Narrator
Next time on Short History of We'll bring you a short history of the Silk Roads. And everywhere is about how you rebuild the Silk Roads and those connections, partly because it speaks of past glories. But there is something also more real about how do people cooperate. And that language of religion, of different ethnicities, of commonalities, of trade. Everybody's a winner because this is something that is our great legacy to the world. So, you know, I think there's lots of ways in which that history is alive and well and really important to tap into today, to understand it today. That's next time. If you can't wait a week until the next episode, you can listen to it right away by subscribing to Noiser+ head to www.noiser.com subscriptions for more information.