Statecraft Podcast: "Leninist Technocracy with Grand Opera Characteristics"

Host: Santi Ruiz
Guest: Dan Wang (Author of Breakneck: China’s Quest to Engineer the Future)
Date: August 28, 2025

Episode Overview

In this wide-ranging episode, Santi Ruiz interviews Dan Wang, author of the new book Breakneck, which explores the mechanics of policy-making in China with remarkable breadth and detail. Wang’s experiences living in China and his analytical approach make for a deep dive into how China’s “engineering state” contrasts to America’s “lawyerly society,” the social and economic impacts of such models, and what this means for China’s future—and for America itself. The conversation also touches on propaganda, the one-child policy, manufacturing, migration, and even James C. Scott’s book collection.

Main Themes and Insights

1. Genesis of Breakneck and Scope of Inquiry

Writing Through Lenses: Wang describes how his book evolved from a focused study on China’s advanced technologies and industrial plans—especially Made in China 2025—to a broader comparative examination of Chinese and American institutions, prompted by both personal experience and geopolitical shifts.

“I try to bring in the American dimension, too.” — Dan Wang (02:55)
The Value of Editing: Wang emphasizes collaborative writing and credits editors (including Santi) for improving the book’s clarity and appeal.

“The writer isn’t always necessarily his or her own best guide… It is better to have some sense of a guide in actually writing.” — Dan Wang (05:04)

2. Core Thesis: "Engineering State" vs. "Lawyerly Society"

(06:00 – 13:00)

Definitions:
- The U.S. is a “lawyerly society” with a leadership class dominated by legal professionals, emphasizing negotiation, litigation, and process.
- China, particularly post-1980, is shaped by engineering-trained technocrats who approach national development as a series of technical problems to solve.
Illustrative Metrics:

“47 U.S. senators with law degrees, one U.S. senator with anything resembling an engineering degree. Quite different in China, where there was a very conscious effort after 1980 by Deng Xiaoping to… promote a lot of engineering trained people into the Politburo.” — Dan Wang (06:36)
Historical Context:
Wang explains that Chinese leadership's drive toward modernization, rational design, and grand-scale projects is rooted in both Leninist party structure and a technocratic mindset, often tilting into what he calls “grand opera characteristics”—dramatic, totalizing, sometimes apocalyptic campaigns.

“There is something really Wagnerian about Leninist systems where there is something really life or death at all moments... everything could collapse.” — Dan Wang (09:08)
Thin Line Between Rational and Irrational:
- Example: The progression from logical COVID-19 controls to the extreme lockdown of Shanghai, demonstrating how technocratic zeal can slide into overreach. (11:00)

3. Leninist Political Campaigns, Propaganda, and Fragmentation

(13:00 – 19:00)

Factional Struggle:
Internal campaigns and power struggles are built into the Leninist system, keeping the leadership in constant mobilization.

“Leninists struggle. It's what they do. It's what they get out of bed for.” — Dan Wang (12:02)
Propaganda Apparatus:
- The Party's theory journal (Qiu Shi/Seeking Truth) and the People’s Daily are used to transmit high-level priorities and campaign messages.
- “Centralized campaigns of inspiration” coordinate cadres at all levels and make propaganda officials powerful.
“The person in charge of propaganda can be immensely powerful because that propaganda slogan is really setting the terms for what is the campaign of the moment.” — Dan Wang (14:35)
- Wang describes the peculiar pleasure of reading Qiu Shi, praising its “wonderful images” and the folksy, if dense, prose of Xi Jinping. (15:45)

4. China’s Manufacturing Prowess and the Consequences of Technocracy

(19:13 – 24:49)

Dominance in Global Supply Chains:
- China controls 30% of global manufacturing, with chokeholds in solar panels, rare earths, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., “China produces around 90% of solar photovoltaic panels” — 20:30).
Megaproject Mania:
- Chinese leaders use infrastructure—high-speed rail, dams, and bridges—as a default solution to economic and political problems.
- Recent announcement: A new dam with “four times the power output of the Three Gorges Dam.”
Social Engineering:
- Beyond physical infrastructure, the Party treats society itself as an object for engineering—most notably via policies like the one-child policy and zero-COVID, pursued with numerical rigor and optimization mindsets.
“China's leadership is fundamentally made up of social engineers that treat society as just another optimization problem.” — Dan Wang (23:44)

5. Interrogating the Dichotomy: Wealth, Sclerosis, and the Limits of Growth

(24:49 – 38:05)

Is Wealth the Enemy of Building?
- Santi raises the notion that as societies grow wealthier (as in the UK or the US), interest group accretion and diminishing returns make major infrastructure harder—will this eventually happen to China?
“Is there some natural progression where at a certain point societies… become richer… and just regulatory accretion over time… makes it harder to build?” — Santi Ruiz (29:21)
- Dan responds that China lacks the “lawyerly genes” or traditions that make US or UK societies sclerotic, but acknowledges two possible constraints:
  1. NIMBYism among the rising Chinese middle class
  2. Borrowing limits (“China is already suffering from a really high railway debt burden.” — 35:43)
- Despite this, he projects China will remain an “engineering state” for decades.

6. Governance Incentives: Why Chinese Leaders Build

(38:05 – 43:30)

Cadre Assessment System:
- Party officials are evaluated rigorously by the Organization Department on metrics like GDP growth, infrastructure development, and social stability.
“The Leninist system has three essential instruments for control…the first is the propaganda system… the second is the Ministry of Fear... The third… is the Organization Department.” — Dan Wang (39:30)
- Historically, hard numbers—GDP, protests, projects built—drove promotions; recent reforms have aimed to add environmental and softer metrics, with mixed results.
Rotational Appointments:
- Officials are never assigned to govern their home regions, which further incentivizes them to rely on visible, large-scale projects to boost metrics and visibility.

7. Manufacturing, Hustle, and the "Process Knowledge" Advantage

(43:32 – 51:10)

Could the U.S. Reclaim iPhone Manufacturing?
- Both Dan and Santi agree that while it would be desirable for American industrial dynamism, it’s unlikely due to several headwinds.
- Wang argues that “if the US were actually building all of the iPhones that Shenzhen started making in 2008, then the US could have captured many more of the spillover benefits” (44:08).
Secret Recipe for Success:
- Deep labor pools with specialized “process knowledge” (skills not codified in manuals).
- History of tech transfer and openness to foreign firms (unlike Japan’s approach), and large, flexible, well-trained workforces.
- Hustle is important, but “Americans and Chinese are hustlers par excellence… that is not where I would situate the biggest part of China’s manufacturing advantage.”
- Valid critiques about IP theft and subsidies, but Dan flips the question, asking: why doesn’t the U.S. aggressively copy China’s effective tactics if they're so successful? (47:48)

8. The Contradictions and Prospects of Chinese Economic Growth

(51:10 – 55:05)

Slowing Growth But Spectacular Islands:

“About 50% of China's economy is pretty dysfunctional. There's 5% that's gaining spectacularly.” — Dan Wang (53:32)
- While macro headwinds (debt, population decline, deflation, property busts) abound, China is world-leading in sectors like EVs, batteries, and AI.
- Wang warns that focusing only on China’s problems obscures the global impacts of this 5%—which “will continue to deindustrialize Michigan and Ohio… and threaten Silicon Valley's dominance.”
On-the-Ground Sentiments:
- First-tier cities (Beijing, Shanghai) see tightening censorship and limited economic mobility for young people, though still have material improvements (parks, infrastructure).
- Many young elites seek government work for stability, or grueling tech jobs ("996" schedule).
- High youth unemployment is mitigated for some by parents’ real estate wealth, helping bottle up broader discontent.

9. Social Engineering in Practice: The One-Child Policy

(60:23 – 70:44)

Why It Emerged:
- Rooted in a post-Mao desire for order and “scientific” modernization.
- Driven by elite panic over population, catalyzed by both Western (Club of Rome, Ehrlich’s Population Bomb) and Chinese scientific influencers, especially cybernetic-missile scientist Song Jian.
“Song came into the hallways of power… and whispered into Beijing's ears that... population trajectories can be just as firmly controlled as missile trajectories.” — Dan Wang (61:36)
Scale of Enforcement:
- Over 300 million abortions and hundreds of millions of sterilizations; 35% of married women by 1999 sterilized by the state (66:13).
- Wang describes a vast, labyrinthine administrative apparatus that both terrorized and controlled rural populations.
“The one child policy was a campaign best described as campaign of rural terror.” — Dan Wang (61:36)
The Failure of “Follow the Science”:
- The technocratic mindset, unmediated by pluralism, can pursue catastrophically misguided policies.
“Scientists need to be on tap, not on top… we need pluralism in our governing elites.” — Dan Wang (67:52)

10. Migration, Dissent, and Leaving China

(70:44 – 74:54)

Elite and Non-Elite Escape Routes:
- Elites pursue overseas graduate programs in Europe, Australia, or the U.S.; less privileged seek risky, circuitous routes via Latin America.
- The state now more stringently controls passports, making exits harder, even for ordinary citizens.
Dissent and Surveillance:
- Recent years have seen a crackdown on both physical movement and overseas dissent:
  
  “China has become more sophisticated in controlling people through their families… and is just expecting you to stay at home and be good children.” — Dan Wang (73:33)

11. Culture, Books, and the Appeal of Barbarism

(74:54 – 78:17)

James C. Scott’s Influence:
- Wang recounts finding and sparingly buying from Scott’s personal collection in New Haven.
- Recommends The Art of Not Being Governed, relating his own family’s heritage in remote, “barbarian” Zomia and the instinct to resist state control.
“Every so often I dream of running off into the mountains and becoming a barbarian myself.” — Dan Wang (77:41)

12. American Dynamism and Optimism

(78:17 – 80:28)

America’s Enduring Strengths:
- Social openness, ease of friendship, the dynamism inherent in social and political churn—even chaos—make Dan bullish on the U.S.
“How about the fact that when you go to a bar in the US you can talk to a perfect stranger and have a nice conversation?... there’s still something hopeful about this chaos and churn that Trump represents… it represents something about the enormous dynamism in America.” — Dan Wang (78:57)

Notable Quotes & Timestamps

On China’s Leadership Style:
“China's leadership is fundamentally made up of social engineers that treat society as just another optimization problem.” (23:44)
On Propaganda:
“The person in charge of propaganda can be immensely powerful because that propaganda slogan is really setting the terms for what is the campaign of the moment.” (14:35)
On Learning from Mistakes:
“Scientists need to be on tap, not on top… we need pluralism in our governing elites.” (67:52)
On Migration:
“It is a shame that this is not a land of the Statue of Liberty beckoning those who yearn to be free…” (72:48)
On American Friendliness:
“How about the fact that when you go to a bar in the US you can talk to a perfect stranger and have a nice conversation?” (78:57)

Key Timestamps

01:44 – 06:36: Book genesis, thesis of engineering state vs. lawyerly society
08:12 – 13:50: "Leninist technocracy with grand opera characteristics"
19:13 – 24:49: Consequences of engineering state (manufacturing dominance, social engineering)
25:49 – 38:05: Can rich societies still build? Constraints on the engineering state
39:30 – 43:32: How Chinese cadres are incentivized to build
44:08 – 51:10: iPhone manufacturing, process knowledge, openness vs. hustle culture
51:43 – 55:05: China’s economic contradictions; what matters for the world
60:23 – 70:44: One-child policy as social engineering; pitfalls of “following the science”
70:44 – 74:54: How dissenters and ordinary citizens try to leave China
74:54 – 78:17: Book recommendations, Zomia, resisting the state
78:17 – 80:28: What makes Dan bullish on America

Memorable Moments

Wang’s satire of U.S. and U.K. sclerosis:
“What sort of puny civilization are we living in, Santi?”
The depiction of China’s cadre assessment system as an “engineering approach” to governance.
The revelation that almost 35% of married women in China by 1999 had been sterilized by the state.
Exchanges about James C. Scott’s legacy and the longing for “barbarian” autonomy in the mountains.

Tone and Style

The tone is lively, inquisitive, and at times dryly humorous—Dan Wang’s voice is sharp, candid, and deeply informed by personal experience and wide intellectual reading. Both host and guest are reflective, open to self-debate and counterargument.

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Leninist Technocracy with Grand Opera Characteristics

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