How to Break Up with Your Bad Habits

Summary

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The Happiness Lab with Dr. Laurie Santos

Episode: How to Break Up with Your Bad Habits
Date: April 13, 2026
Host: Dr. Laurie Santos
Guests: Dr. Richard Ratner, Dr. Wendy Wood

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Episode Overview

This episode of The Happiness Lab explores the science of habit change—particularly, how to break free from ingrained bad habits and replace them with healthier routines. Dr. Laurie Santos, drawing from insights in psychology and her popular Yale course, guides listeners through the research on why habits are so sticky, what makes them so hard to change, and how small environmental tweaks can enable genuine, sustainable change. The episode weaves together an extraordinary story about Vietnam veterans' heroin use, cutting-edge habit science with Dr. Wendy Wood, and practical advice for “spring cleaning” your emotional junk drawer.

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Key Discussion Points and Insights

1. Why Bad Habits Are Hard to Change

• Opening Theme: Many turn to willpower to beat bad habits, but research shows willpower is unreliable and often ineffective (12:13).
• Vietnam Vet Story:
  • Dr. Richard Ratner recounts his experience treating heroin addiction among US soldiers in Vietnam (04:10).
  • Troops turned to drugs not just because of stress, but due to boredom and the escape drugs provided (07:15).
• Habit Formation Mechanics:
  • Habits are mental shortcuts; routines we perform automatically for a reward (18:14).
  • Good and bad habits follow the same structure: cue/context, routine, reward (18:32).
• Willpower Myth:
  • “Willpower doesn't really work. When you exert willpower… you give it energy to keep re-emerging. So there's sort of a self-defeating aspect to willpower that gets in our way.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (12:38)

2. The Vietnam Story: Environment & Automaticity

• Army’s Fears vs. Reality:
  • Widespread fear hinged on addicted soldiers returning as drug-crazed junkies (08:36).
  • In reality, over 90% of Vietnam heroin users quit upon returning home (32:15).
• Environmental Cues:
  • Dr. Ratner and follow-up researchers found that changing context—moving from Vietnam to civilian life—effectively “de-cued” the habit (33:14-33:52).
  • “They understood that the home environment is very different from this environment.” – Dr. Richard Ratner (33:14)
• Lesson:
  • If a dramatic contextual switch can break heroin addiction, even everyday habit changes are within reach.

3. How Habits Really Form

• Routine Example:
  • Dr. Wendy Wood describes her automatic coffee-making as an example of how repeated behaviors become effortless habits (17:21-18:05).
  • “Habits are just the behaviors we repeat until they become sort of mental shortcuts… that are likely to get you the same reward as you got in the past.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (18:14)
• Chunking:
  • The brain memorizes whole routines (“chunking”) for efficiency (20:05).
• Autopilot Danger:
  • Nearly half of daily actions happen on autopilot, driven by environmental triggers, not conscious thought (34:17).
  • “About 43% of the time, people are doing what they did yesterday and the day before in the same context, and they're doing it without thinking much about it.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (34:17).

4. Context and Cues: The Key to Change

• Cue Power:
  • Environmental cues—places, people, moods, or even time of day—trigger routines (24:21).
  • Experiment: People ate stale popcorn in the theatre—not for enjoyment, but because the cues triggered the routine (26:44).
  • “People who had habits to eat popcorn in the movie cinema ate just about the same amount of stale popcorn as fresh… [They] ate it anyway.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (26:44)
• Loss of Cues:
  • Changing or removing cues can disrupt autopilot (27:43).
  • Example: Wendy backs into a wall using a rental car that lacks safety beeps she's grown used to—demonstrating how dependent we are on cues (27:43).

5. Practical Hacks: Using Friction and Cues for Good

• Environmental Tweaks:
  • Small changes (moving fruit closer than popcorn) vastly influence choices (35:38).
  • “Proximity makes little sense to our conscious thinking selves, but to our habits... that's a big difference.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (36:23)
• Friction:
  • Adding difficulty (“friction”) to bad habits or removing barriers from good habits can facilitate change (36:33-37:44).
  • Example: Smoking rates in the US dropped mainly because of increased friction (taxes, bans), not awareness (37:44).
• Personal Stories:
  • Wendy stopped skipping workouts by reducing friction (exercising early, sleeping in running clothes) (40:17).
  • “I actually used to sleep in my running clothes... that was another thing that reduced the friction.” – Dr. Wendy Wood (40:17)
• Actionable Tips:
  • Delete social apps if they’re a distraction
  • Put photos/reminders handy to prompt calls or gratitude
  • Avoid shopping aisles that tempt you
  • Keep “good” cues visible, hide “bad” ones (38:31-39:47)

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• On Willpower:
  “Willpower doesn't really work. When you exert willpower… you give it energy to keep re-emerging. So there's sort of a self-defeating aspect to willpower that gets in our way.”
  — Dr. Wendy Wood (12:38)

• On Environmental Cues:
  “They understood that the home environment is very different from this environment.”
  — Dr. Richard Ratner on returning soldiers (33:14)

• On Automatic Behaviors:
  “About 43% of the time, people are doing what they did yesterday and the day before in the same context, and they're doing it without thinking much about it.”
  — Dr. Wendy Wood (34:17)

• On Reducing Friction:
  “I actually used to sleep in my running clothes... that was another thing that reduced the friction.”
  — Dr. Wendy Wood (40:17)

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Timestamps for Important Segments

| Timestamp | Content Description | |-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 00:14 | Laurie introduces the “Spring Cleaning” habits theme | | 04:10 | Dr. Ratner begins story on Vietnam heroin addiction | | 08:36 | Public fears over returning addicted veterans | | 12:13 | Dr. Wendy Wood introduces flaws in willpower model | | 17:21 | Wendy’s coffee habit and habit formation dynamics | | 18:32 | Explains structure of all habits: cue, routine, reward | | 24:21 | The key role of environmental context in habit cues | | 26:44 | Popcorn cue study: habits override lack of reward | | 34:17 | Nearly half of daily actions are automatic/autopilot | | 35:38 | Environmental tweak study: proximity to healthy food | | 37:44 | Example: U.S. smoking declines due to friction, not just education | | 40:17 | Wendy’s personal hack: minimizing friction for morning exercise |

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Conclusion: Key Takeaways

• Most persistent bad habits are not a sign of weak willpower but of strong environmental cues and automatic routines.
• Changing your context is a highly effective path to lasting change—if Vietnam soldiers could quit heroin with a change of environment, you can use similar principles for your own habits.
• The three-part structure of habit (cue, routine, reward) lets you hack your routines by adjusting environments and adding/removing friction.
• Tangible tweaks, like modifying what you see, when you act, or the effort required to engage in a behavior, give you the best chance for breaking up with your bad habits—and setting yourself up for happiness.

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Summary Prepared for The Happiness Lab - "How to Break Up with Your Bad Habits" (April 13, 2026)

Transcript

[Vietnam Veteran]

Foreign.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Hey Happiness Lab listeners. Welcome back to our special series on Spring cleaning.

[Narrator]

Your Happiness.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

In honor of this season of New Beginnings, we are clearing out all our outdated behaviors and mindsets so that we

[Narrator]

can refresh our emotional junk drawers, so to speak.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

We'll also be doing our own Happiness Lab Closet refresh as we head back

[Narrator]

into the episode archives to find throwback insights from past episodes that you might have missed. And in today's episode from the archives,

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

we're diving into a very tough spring cleanup job. We'll be exploring how to freshen up our habits.

[Narrator]

Now I'm gonna go out on a

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

limb and guess that there's at least one routine that you do on autopilot all the time.

[Narrator]

Even though it makes you feel kinda crappy.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Wouldn't you like to break free to toss out that bad habit like an old pair of jeans and replace it with a routine that fits your current goals a bit better?

[Narrator]

That sounds awesome. In theory, you're probably thinking, but is

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

it really possible to break a well learned bad habit?

[Narrator]

Turns out, yes, totally possible.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

But the process is way easier if you have a more nuanced understanding of the way our brains structure habits and

[Narrator]

how they really work. And that is what you're going to learn in our episode today.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

You're going to meet a scientist who

[Narrator]

sleeps in her running gear and a

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Vietnam War doc who turned to heroin

[Narrator]

addicts to debunk some important misconceptions about habit change. By the end of the show, you'll

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

have gained some practical tips for dropping your own not so great routines and for building healthier ones.

[Narrator]

Sound good?

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Well, get ready to clear out all your bad habits with this week's Spring Cleaning Happiness Lab Throwback coming up right

[Narrator]

after this quick break. This is an I heart podcast. Guaranteed human.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

This episode is brought to you by Choiceology, an original podcast from Charles Schwab hosted by the amazing Katie Milkman, behavioral scientist and author of the best selling

[Narrator]

book how to Change.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Choiceology is a show about the psychology and economics behind our decisions. You can hear true stories from Nobel laureates, authors, historians, athletes and more about why we do the things we do. Listen to [e-mail] podcast or wherever you listen to your shows.

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[Dr. Richard Ratner]

For starters, it was the last thing I particularly wanted to do.

[Narrator]

Like many young Americans back in 1970, Richard Ratner wasn't all that excited about going to war.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

I had just been married and when I found out that I was going to Vietnam, we, we tried to figure out any way to get out of it, you know, which involved, oh, I don't know, talking to the military and seeing whether his assignment could be changed. None of it worked. They, they were well prepared for people who didn't want to go.

[Narrator]

The army didn't want to hear Richard's excuses. As a newly qualified doctor, he had just the skills that the military desperately needed. Richard was one of many American men who were plucked from their civilian lives and forced into the Armed Services.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

9-14-001.

[Narrator]

There was even a televised lottery draw where young men were selected for military service and a stint in Vietnam based on their birth date.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

April 24th is 002.

[Narrator]

Richard was lucky enough to delay his service until after his medical training. But arriving in saigon as a 20 something new doctor was still a shock to the system.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

We are in buses where they have this steel mesh covering the windows and I'm absolutely sure that any minute someone is going to toss a bomb at us.

[Narrator]

But Richard wasn't a trained surgeon heading to Vietnam to take care of bullet wounds. He was a psychiatrist. But he still wouldn't be treating depression or even ptsd Richard was about to use his training to wage a war against bad habits, the kind of behaviors we really want to change but somehow can't. Richard would soon learn that our habits don't always work the way we think. His findings not only shocked scientists, but also changed the way that researchers think about the science of behavior change, even decades later. And his story provides some important hints for how we can win our own personal battles with the bad habits that hurt our happiness. Our minds are constantly telling us what to do to be happy. But what if our minds are wrong? What if our minds are lying to us, leading us away from what will really make us happy? The good news is that understanding the science of the mind can point us all back in the right direction. You're listening to the Happiness Lab with Dr. Laurie Santos.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

You gotta have those shoes shined. You gotta show up at formation. You know, you have to have your bed made.

[Narrator]

Richard's soldiers were trapped in Vietnam, far away from home. Some were facing life or death situations on the battlefield. But according to Richard, the biggest enemy many soldiers faced was back in the barracks. It was boredom away from combat. Soldiers spent their days doing repetitive tasks that they didn't enjoy. Shining boots, dealing with annoying superior officers, and generally just not having anything fun to do. And that's why many of them wound up turning to a particularly bad habit, one that the army really didn't approve of.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

People would just kind of get high and, you know, not necessarily that different from if you come home from a hard day at the steel mill and, you know, go into the bar and have a few drinks. It's not totally unlike that.

[Narrator]

Yeah, but you know, what was available wasn't a few drinks, at least for the soldiers who weren't 21. What was available was like incredibly hardcore heroin.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

Exactly. The first phase was where soldiers were smoking marijuana. If you're smoking weed, it's not gonna take too long for it to waft down to where the first sergeants hooch was and he'd come up looking for you.

[Narrator]

Conveniently enough, soldiers had access to a less smelly drug option with the Golden Triangle, a massive area of poppy production just across the border. Suppliers were ready and willing to sell an alternative drug to US troops. Heroin.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

They could do it under the nose of their commanding officers, and it was a great deal more potent.

[Narrator]

As one GI addict told the New York Times, the skag was everywhere. Estimates vary, but it's generally thought that around 20% of low ranking soldiers used heroin. The Times called the addiction rates an epidemic with hundreds of Thousands of American troops stationed all over Vietnam. The government was worried that gis would return to their families as desperate junkies.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

This notion that we had a whole army full of drug crazed people who were gonna be unleashed on these communities truly had people frightened. The army announced that anybody who was dependent on heroin could report to the Amnesty Center. They would not be arrested or charged with criminal activities. They could come, they could detox, and then go home. You know, no harm, no foul.

[Narrator]

The American public demanded action, and so without a better plan, the army opted to force the GIs to go cold turkey.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

When they came into the detox center, we did not taper them off on heroin. I really had no idea. And I was sort of frantically trying to get information on how does one properly detox somebody.

[Narrator]

But what Richard had even less of an idea about was how he was going to help soldiers stay clean once they got home. I mean, heroin isn't just any old, bad habit. It's an incredibly addictive substance. By making his soldiers go cold turkey, Richard could help his men get through the withdrawal phase, that first step to breaking the physical part of their addiction. But the bigger challenge was helping them avoid the behavioral parts of their addiction. That habit of turning to heroin in order to feel better. Whenever they were feeling depressed or bored or stressed. The almost automatic urge to reduce their craving with a quick hit. Simply hoping that these men would have the willpower to avoid heroin wasn't going to be enough.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

Here we have these guys who are 18, 19, and when a little too much pressure is put on them, they pop.

[Narrator]

At the time, Richard was worried that there was no way to avert this wave of addiction. Sure, the men could detox at his center, but no one seemed to know what to do to help the men overcome their awful habit so that they could become healthier and happier. Now, I'm guessing most people listening to this podcast won't ever face a behavioral challenge as hard as kicking heroin. But like those soldiers, all of us have bad habits that detract from our health and happiness. You don't need to be an opioid drug user to understand that it can be difficult to change our not so good ways. And the science suggests that the everyday habits that plague us can sometimes be just as hard to overcome as the addictive. Kind of. The problem is that the path to happiness requires changing a lot of these habitual bad behaviors. We need to stop griping, we need to put down our phones, and we need to stop craving material possessions. But how do we do that? If you're like me, it probably feels like changing these repeated behaviors is really, really challenging. But what our lying minds don't realize is that we have a powerful mental tool that really could help us achieve lasting behavioral change with ease, if only we understood how that tool worked. I wanted to learn more about why our intuitions about behavior change were so bad. And I knew just the person to ask.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

My name is Wendy Wood. I am professor of psychology and business here at the University of Southern California.

[Narrator]

Wendy is the author of a new book, Good Habits, Bad the Science of Making Positive Changes that Stick.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Most of us are very good at understanding what we need to do better. To be healthier, to be more financially stable, to have happier families. Most of us know what those things are.

[Narrator]

The problem, according to Wendy, is that most of us mistakenly think that changing our behavior requires willpower and hard work.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

I think that we admire willpower and we view it as a very positive attribute. The way that the puritans thought they would go to heaven is through self denial and showing that they were strong enough to resist temptations.

[Narrator]

But there's a problem with this. Willpower is next to godliness notion, and that is that willpower doesn't really work.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

When you exert willpower and control your behavior, what you're doing is you are thinking about the thing that you don't want to do, and in doing so, you give it energy to keep re emerging. So there's a sort of a self defeating aspect to willpower that gets in our way.

[Narrator]

So if willpower doesn't work, what can we actually do to successfully tame our bad habits? The answer is that we need to be working smarter, not harder.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

When you observe people when they are being effective at controlling their behavior and doing the right thing, say eating healthfully or saving money for the future, what they're doing is they're not exerting willpower. What people do is they set up the situations around them to make it easy to repeat the desired behavior, and they repeat it over and over so that it becomes automatic. We don't realize how much of that we really could harness if we just knew how it worked.

[Narrator]

When we get back from the break, we'll do just that. We'll take a deep dive into how habits work and how you can harness them to behave in ways that promote your health and your happiness. The Happiness lab will be right back.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

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[Narrator]

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[Dr. Laurie Santos]

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[Dr. Wendy Wood]

I get up in the morning, I walk into my kitchen, and making coffee is the first thing that comes to mind.

[Narrator]

Psychologist and behavior change expert Wendy Wood knows that engaging in routine is the secret to changing our bad behaviors.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

I don't ask myself how to do it. I don't need to do that. I've done it so often in the past. I don't ask myself whether I want coffee, Am I really tired this morning? Do I need coffee? I don't ask those questions. I just do it. And then in the end, I get the reward of repeating what I've done in the past, which is that great cup of coffee. And that's how people who are really successful at meeting their goals, that's how they do it.

[Narrator]

Wendy's morning coffee making illustrates a willpower free strategy that all of us can use to change our behavior for the better. It's called habit formation.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Habits are just the behaviors we repeat until they become sort of mental shortcuts. They're shortcuts about what you can do that's likely to get you the same reward as you got in the past.

[Narrator]

Habits can form for any repeated behavior that gets us a reward, whether that reward is ultimately good for us, like a nice cup of coffee in the morning, or bad for us like a shot of heroin. But Wendy's work has shown that good habits and bad habits work exactly the same way. They have a very particular structure, one that involves three critical parts. The first critical part of habit formation is the reward.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Rewards here are just behaviors that meet your goals, behaviors that make you feel good, behaviors that achieve some outcome that you're looking for.

[Narrator]

For morning Wendy, that reward was having the positive taste of a nice cup of coffee. But habit formation can involve lots of other kinds of rewards, too. The endorphins that kick in after a good exercise session, the reduced boredom we feel after we do a quick social media check, or the satisfaction you get learning something new from your favorite podcast. Anything that feels nice or meets a goal can serve as a reward that leads to a new habit. But habits not only require a reward at the end, they also have a second critical the routine. A routine is the specific sequence of actions that gets us to a reward. For Wendy's caffeine habit, that might be each step she takes to make her morning coffee. If you're a yoga lover like me, your routine might involve grabbing your mat and driving to your favorite studio. The science shows that having a specific routine is critical to habit formation, in part because our minds Care about them a lot. In fact, when your brain experiences something wonderful, it drops everything to remember the exact sequence of whatever you just did to get that reward. And when it lays down a new memory of that sequence, it definitely doesn't want to screw anything up. And so it doesn't just remember what you did as a bunch of individual actions, steps. Instead, it stores your whole sequence of behaviors as a single, solitary routine, what researchers call chunking. It even uses a totally different neural system to do so.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

When you're repeating a task that you have practiced many times in the past, you are relying on something called the sensory motor system, which involves the putamen, which is part of the basal ganglia. And when you start a new task, in contrast, you're using much more of the frontal lobes, because those are the active thinking parts of your brain. And these two things are definitely connected, but they also function somewhat independently.

[Narrator]

And that's why habits are such fantastic mental shortcuts, because we don't need our conscious thinking frontal lobes to remember each individual action. Whenever we want a reward, the unconscious bits of our brain can just hit go. And our minds get the entire perfectly stored routine for free.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Driving is the prototypic habit, right? It's something we have to think about when we first learn to do it. But then over time, that thought becomes less and less necessary, and we start just responding automatically based on what we did in the past. And that achieves the goal of getting us somewhere we want to go. And it does so efficiently and quickly most of the time, unless you live in la and then there's nothing efficient about driving.

[Narrator]

I want to focus in on this lack of awareness for a second because it's really weird when you think about it. I mean, our driving routine involves tracking lots of complicated stuff, from where your right foot is to how fast your car is going, to whether the are pedestrians about to cross a street, to where other cars are moving, to when a traffic light might change, to when you need to click your turn signal, and to whether you have your radio set to your favorite podcast. It's amazing that we can juggle all that information at all, let alone that we can do so easily and unconsciously. But that is the amazing psychological power of habits. Once we form a new habit, we get to engage in all kinds of complicated behaviors without a moment's thought. And that's why habits are so much more effective than willpower for changing our behaviors. Once we make the things we want to do habitual, they don't require any more work. The problem, though, is that not all of our unconscious habitual behaviors are good for us.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

So sitting on the couch when you get home at night and eating potato chips, that's just as much of a habit as going home and then just heading out to the gym. One looks habitual and structured to us, and the other might look sort of a bit lazier. But they're both habits in the same way.

[Narrator]

Sadly, those lazier, not so good for us routines Are just as automatic as our positive habits, which means that our bad habits, the ones that inhibit our happiness, Are really, really hard to shed. We might want to shut those habits off, but we can't, because our minds are on autopilot. But Wendy's work shows that we do have some control over when our habit routines get turned on, Whether our minds unconsciously decide to execute that sit on the couch and munch behavior or the throw on our gym clothes. 1. The answer comes from the third critical part of our habit, the context. The context is any part of our situation or environment that cues our behavior. For Wendy's coffee habit, the context was a location being in her kitchen and a time of day. It was morning and a preceding event. She had just woken up. For richard's heroin addicts, the context might be their barracks or the site of other GIs using drugs or just being in vietnam.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

In our research, we found that contacts can be pretty much everything around you. That's not you. It can be the people that you're with. There are certain people who trigger certain behaviors that we've done with them in the past. You may have friends that you typically go and have a drink with, and if you see them again, that's what tends to come to mind. The moods we're in can also be triggers. So I think that one of the most common triggers for checking your cell phone Is being bored. Even if you're in a meeting and it's quite rude, you, may find yourself checking your phone. You don't want to be rude, but the idea of your phone just comes to mind when you're bored.

[Narrator]

When our brains notice a context that's associated with a habit, One that goes with a particular routine and a certain kind of reward, we get an incredibly strong urge to execute the habitual behavior, Even if it's a behavior that's no longer useful or relevant. In fact, Wendy's work has shown that cues can elicit habitual behavior Even when the rewards from those behaviors Aren't even there anymore. She tested this out in a clever study Involving movie trailer screenings. One group of subjects Watched the movie trailers on a computer In Wendy's lab, Just like a typical study. But a second group of subjects Got to watch the trailers inside a movie theater. Wendy was interested in whether the movie theater cues Spurred on a habitual moviegoing behavior. Popcorn eating. But she also wanted to know whether her subjects Would engage in that habitual behavior Even when it was no longer rewarded. To do that, she varied the deliciousness of the popcorn she offered.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Some people got popcorn that was stale, and it was really stale. So it had been sitting in our lab for a week In a plastic bag. It was pretty gross. Others got popcorn that was fresh that had just been popped.

[Narrator]

Very few people who watched the film in the lab Ate the gross popcorn. They didn't have any cues that pushed them to engage in an otherwise yucky behavior. But what happened to the subjects who experienced all the normal cues of being inside a cinema? Well, it depended on how they normally acted when watching movies.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

People who had habits to eat popcorn in the movie cinema Ate just about the same amount of stale popcorn as fresh. They could tell us when we asked them that they hated the stale popcorn, they ate it anyway. People who didn't have habits Deep popcorn In the movie cinema, they did just what you'd expect. What rationally, we think we would all do, which is eat the fresh popcorn. But if they got a bag of stale, Just leave it.

[Narrator]

When our brains see a cue that's been associated With a habitual behavior, we can't help but execute that behavior, Even when the behavior is no longer rewarding. But despite the power of these cues, Wendy has found that we don't often realize how much context affects our behavior. And that means we often forget that we can't count on our habitual routines Once the cues go away. And Wendy has seen the negative effects of removing our habitual cues firsthand.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

I bought a new car a few years ago that has all kinds of wonderful safety sensors. So it beeps when I get close to an obstacle. And I hated that at first. It really irritated me Because I wasn't used to it. But I started responding to those signals automatically. Over time, you just stop noticing them. When the car beeps, you just automatically respond to it. And I didn't realize how automatic that had become, how much of my driving habit that had become, Until I rented a car, and it didn't have that warning sensor system. And the first thing I did is I backed into a brick wall.

[Narrator]

The happiness lab will be right back.

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[Dr. Laurie Santos]

In the Ocean State, you'll find a

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[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Treat yourself to a little bit of

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happiness and start looking forward to an unforgettable trip today. Rhode Island all that, plan your getaway at visit Rhode Island.com that's Visit Rhode

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Island.com Happy Earth Month. Garnier is proudly partnering with the National park foundation, the official nonprofit partner of the National Park Service. Garnier's support of the National Park Foundation's Service Corps program is enabling young adults and veterans to help care for and enhance the national parks that we all love. The National park foundation and Garnier are proud to support these individuals as they explore future careers, gain practical field skills, develop confidence as leaders, and help address priority projects across our national parks. Together, Garnier and the National park foundation are committed to a shared vision of preserving and protecting our most treasured places for future generations. Want to lend a hand? Explore Garnier's partnership with the National park foundation and learn how you can help support our national parks@garnier USA.com NPF if your finance team spends more time finding data than using it. If there's one entity here and one

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here and one here and one here.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

If scaling your business feels like starting over, you need the Intuit ERP. Intuit Enterprise Suite is the AI native ERP solution that's powerful, painless and proven. Learn more at intuit.com erp as the host of the Happiness Lab, I spent a lot of time thinking about what truly brings us joy. And for me, one of my happiest experiences was traveling to Australia, seeing kangaroos in their natural habitat, hearing kookaburras with their unmistakable laugh. It was magical. And I also got to adore Australian coffee culture. Having a real Aussie flat white was such a treat. Australia is a place where happiness feels effortless. Whether you're exploring vibrant cities, hiking through breathtaking landscapes, or simply connecting with nature, that trip reminded me that joy often comes from immersing ourselves in new environments and embracing awe inspiring moments. Australia can be more than just a getaway. It's a chance to recharge by walking along pristine beaches, enjoying some of the freshest seafood, and exploring interactive museums and aquariums. It's all about connecting with what truly matters. I've been dreaming about returning ever since, but next time I'd love to visit some friends in Sydney, explore more destinations in Australia, and start planning your memorable [e-mail].

[Vietnam Veteran]

I am a Vietnam veteran, a ex marine medicine, and an ex morphine addy.

[Narrator]

Back in 1971, a documentary called GI Junkie followed a group of returning soldiers going through rehab.

[Vietnam Veteran]

I don't need no pills no more or a needle in my arm. I mean, like, I'm there. I know what I want. I'm gonna go get it.

[Narrator]

The film argued that nearly 40,000 hardened GI junkies were about to return to American soil and would soon become a major problem. But in reality, no such army of drug addicts actually existed. The kind of surprising key is that I think once, you know, once these soldiers got on the plane and got back home, they were good. Their cravings didn't kick in. They weren't trying to find the stuff once they got back.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

Exactly. That's exactly right. And I don't think anyone could have

[Narrator]

predicted that psychiatrist Richard Ratner had been sent to Vietnam to defuse what one newspaper called a time bomb. And that's what made Richard soldier's outcomes all the more surprising. A team of researchers followed addicted Vietnam vets after they came home. The scientists interviewed the men about their recent opioid habits and even conducted drug tests using urine samples. And what they found pretty much stunned everyone, including Richard. Only a very tiny percentage of soldiers continued their drug use after they got home. More than 90% of soldiers stayed clean. Compared to the typical heroin user, Vietnam vets seemed to have little trouble kicking the habit. The study was so shocking that at first, researchers didn't even believe it. But slowly, behavioral scientists like Richard were able to figure out the soldier's secret. They were able to use their contextual cues to break their bad habit.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

Probably the majority of users would basically kind of detox on their own. They would self detox while they used this crutch to help them get through military life over there. They understood that the home environment is very different from this environment.

[Narrator]

Richard realized that a few hours on an airline and a change back into civiclothes was enough to break his soldiers habit routine. They weren't bored or stressed anymore, and they weren't hanging out with their drug taking buddies. They also didn't have easy access to cheap heroin. Nearly every single one of their habit cues was different.

[Dr. Richard Ratner]

Most of these guys, they got home and they kind of reintegrated into their previous lives.

[Narrator]

Richard's veteran's success in kicking heroin has now become a classic example in the science of behavior change. Because if a simple context switch can be powerful enough to help someone overcome heroin addiction, imagine how powerful it can be for Changing simpler behaviors like the ones many of us want to change.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

We did some research where we beeped people once an hour to figure out what they were thinking, feeling, doing. And what we found is that about 43% of the time, People are doing what they did yesterday and the day before in the same context, and they're doing it without thinking much about it.

[Narrator]

The idea that nearly half of our waking day is on autopilot, that we're constantly governed by cues and context, Is pretty shocking. But if that's true, Then it gives us a powerful opportunity to change some of our daily behaviors. If we can use our conscious minds to exert some control over the context we find ourselves in, Then we can shift our bad behaviors to the ones we want to adopt.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Our environments can do the same thing for us in pushing us to help us meet our goals and making it hard for us to stray from the good behaviors that we're trying to practice.

[Narrator]

This is something you can do right now, Whether in your home or at your workplace. Think of it as feng shui for habits, but with an actual scientific basis. Make small changes in your environment that provide the cues you need to promote good behaviors. Wendy's research has shown that simple changes like these Work time and again.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

In one study, People had a bowl of apple slices and a bowl of hot buttered popcorn. When the apple slices were right in front of them and the popcorn was arm's reach, People ate a third less calories Than when the popcorn was right in front of them and the apple slices were a reach. I mean, we're talking a minimal distance. That makes little sense to our conscious thinking selves, but to our habits and our automatic reacting selves, that's a big difference. We don't realize how much of a difference Proximity makes to our behavior.

[Narrator]

But context doesn't just affect what we reach for when we're hungry. There are lots of simple ways we can use the cues around us to disrupt the autopilot behaviors we don't want to engage in.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

There are forces in our environments that make some actions more difficult and other actions easier. And those resisting forces can be termed friction. It just becomes too difficult.

[Narrator]

The same sort of friction Helped Vietnam vets Avoid drug use when they returned home. Many had never taken heroin before going to war, so they'd actually have to find a dealer. And the heroin available in the states Was of far lower quality, which meant that soldiers would have to inject it Rather than snort or smoke it. The price was also far, far higher. And the gi's mood had shifted completely. Those feelings of boredom that drove them to use opioids, those were replaced by the excitement of being home and just the pace of normal life. Each and every one of the cues that prompted that heroin routine was gone. And this is super important because these contextual changes were more powerful than any of the detox ideas the army came up with. The new cues meant that soldiers just didn't think about the reward of a quick heroin hit because their entire habit chains were disrupted. But frictions can also be introduced to tackle the problems associated with legal drugs.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

In the middle of the last century, we all learned that smoking was bad for us. About half of America smoked at that point. But smoking still didn't go down. Smoking rates continued reasonably high until the US Decided to put friction on smoking by taxing cigarettes so you can't afford them as easily, banning smoking in public places and by making it difficult to purchase cigarettes so that you actually have to ask somebody. And all of those things combined put enough friction on smoking so that the smoking rates in the US are now down to a level of only 15% of US smoke. And that's because of friction.

[Narrator]

Even if you don't smoke or use illegal drugs, there's a lesson here for you. Think about the things you want to change in your life. The bad habits you want to stop or the good habits you want to adopt. We can use the conscious part of our brain to increase friction, to inhibit our bad habits and break down the barriers that prevent us from doing the good ones. Are there social media apps that drive you nuts, but you can't help checking whenever you pick up your phone? Well, delete them. Do you want to call your mom more often? Well, then choose a photo of her as your screensaver. Don't want to buy certain items in the store? Plan your shopping trip to avoid the candy aisle. Or maybe you want to try some of the new habits that we've talked about in this season, like experiencing more gratitude. Then download a gratitude app and stick it front and center on your phone.

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Or maybe you want to make better

[Narrator]

use of your time. Then put that time windfall list somewhere you can see it easily. In all of these examples, you can hack the cues around you to help promote the kinds of behaviors that you want in your life. Wendy had to go through this exact same conscious process when her daily fitness habit took a nosedive thanks to motherhood. Rather than powering through or giving up, she analyzed where her growing family was adding a bit of friction to her workout plans.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

Every time I decided 2 o', clock, 3 o', clock, 4 o', clock, maybe 6 o'. Clock. Tonight I'll exercise. Something always comes up when you have little children, so I decided I would have to start exercising early in the morning. Although it was a really dreadful thing to start doing, once you get used to it, it actually is very efficient.

[Narrator]

So at 6am Wendy would be ready to exercise. But what exercise? Wendy realized it had to be something with as few frictions as possible.

[Dr. Wendy Wood]

I didn't have much time to drive to a gym or do any fancy workout thing. I couldn't go to a class. I just didn't have that level of control over my time. So it had to be something that was very efficient and easy for me to do. And putting your running shoes on and going out the do is probably the most frictionless kind of exercise that you could imagine. I actually used to sleep in my running clothes. I hate to admit this, but that was another thing that reduced the friction.

[Narrator]

Talking with Wendy has really inspired me to think about how I can use my conscious brain to hack the autopilot of all my bad habits. I'm already planning strategies I can use to increase or reduce friction so I'll be able to reach my own well being goals literally without thinking. I hope you've gotten some insight into how you can hack your own habits. And I hope you'll be willing to form a new, happier habit and set up all your context cues to remind you to come back for the next episode of the Happiness lab with me, Dr. Laurie Santos.

[Advertisement Voice]

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[Dr. Laurie Santos]

Garnier is proudly partnering with the National park foundation, the official nonprofit partner of the National Park Service. Garnier's support of the National Park Foundation Service Corps program is enabling young adults and veterans to help care for and enhance the national parks that we all love. Want to lend a hand? Explore Garnier's partnership with the National park foundation and learn how you can help support our national [e-mail] NPF a better

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[Narrator]

you know, one of the

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

trips that filled me with pure joy was visiting Australia. The wildlife alone. From kangaroos hopping through open fields to kookaburras calling from the trees, it just made me feel so alive. I also love the Melbourne coffee culture. I tried my first flat white there and it was amazing. Australia has this incredible energy that fills you with joy. It showed me how much nature can boost happiness.

[Narrator]

And I can't wait to go back,

[Dr. Laurie Santos]

explore more destinations in Australia and start planning your memorable [e-mail] this is an iHeart podcast.

[Narrator]

Guaranteed human.