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In this episode of “Beyond the Pill: Demystifying Evidence, Numbers & Causation in Psychopharmacology,” we pull back the curtain on how psychiatric medications earn their stripes—and what their numbers really mean. You’ll learn:

• Why all studies aren’t created equal, from meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials down to cohort studies and case reports, and the ethical or practical reasons behind each design.

• How to interpret NNT (Number Needed to Treat) and NNH (Number Needed to Harm) so you can weigh benefits against risks in plain English.

• The danger of assuming causation from correlation, illustrated by the classic post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy—think ice cream sales and shark attacks—and how the Bradford Hill criteria help us tease out true cause-and-effect relationships.

Whether you’re a patient curious about why your psychiatrist chose a particular drug or a clinician sharpening your critical-thinking toolkit, this episode will give you the evidence-based perspective you need to make informed decisions—beyond the pill.