Podcast Summary: "Acontece que no es poco | 25 de marzo de 1936: Extremadura pagó cara la movilización jornalera"
Podcast: Todo Concostrina (SER Podcast)
Host: Nieves Concostrina
Date: March 23, 2023
Overview:
This episode, broadcast from the Radio Extremadura studios in Badajoz, delves into the little-known but crucial episode of Spanish history: the massive, peaceful mobilization of rural laborers (jornaleros) in Extremadura on March 25, 1936. Nieves Concostrina recounts how this movement for agrarian reform was brutally repressed and later silenced during and after the Spanish Civil War, drawing parallels with other tragedies like "la desbandá." Through personal, candid narrative, Nieves explores why this history matters, who worked to erase it, and its lingering legacy today.
Key Discussion Points & Insights
1. The Forgotten Uprising of March 25, 1936
- Extremadura's greatest rural mobilization: Between 60,000 and 80,000 campesinos occupied more than 3,000 estates slated for expropriation under the Republic’s never-fulfilled agrarian reform.
- [01:13] Nieves: “Fue la mayor movilización del pueblo extremeño. Fue una ocupación pacífica de tierras en respuesta al gobierno de la República que no hacía más que prometer una reforma agraria planeada, pero que no terminaba de llegar nunca.”
- Conditions for laborers: Before this, landless workers (jornaleros) faced dehumanizing hiring practices, picked randomly and paid poorly by landowners (“señoritos”), with no security.
- Intent of reform: Not redistributive chaos, but creation of organized labor pools so work and decent conditions were more fairly distributed.
- [01:54] “El plan agrario era organizar bolsas de trabajo… repartir el trabajo, que todos pudieran trabajar y con unas condiciones mínimas.”
2. Resistance, Suppression, and Complicity
- Landowner backlash: Terratenientes blocked reforms; their interests clashed with the spirit of the uprising.
- Modern echoes: Nieves wryly compares historic landowners to modern business leaders unhappy with modest social advances.
- [02:23] “Ahí tenemos al señorito Garamendi… que gana 400.000 al año, pero se enfada si un pensionista cobra 1.000 euros.”
- Aftermath of hope: The occupation’s gains lasted only four months before the July 1936 military coup. The rebellion was not forgiven—nor forgotten by those in power.
- [02:51] “Cuatro meses después los militares, los patriotas españoles, dieron un golpe de Estado y a los extremeños no les iban a perdonar el levantamiento jornalero de aquel 25 de marzo.”
3. Memory, Silence, and Education
- Imposed silence: The episode was vigorously suppressed during 40 years of Franco’s dictatorship and, shamefully, remains obscure even after 40 years of democracy.
- [01:16] “Por la desinformación impuesta durante 40 años de dictadura y vergonzosamente mantenida durante otros 40 años…”
- Grassroots remembrance: Organizations and historians—like Teresa Fernández, Ángel Olmedo, and the Asociación 25 de marzo—are reclaiming this history, campaigning to make March 25th the real "Día de Extremadura.”
- Recent educational changes: Only in 2022 was the uprising added to Extremadura’s regional school curricula. Some political resistance remains.
- [04:34] “El año pasado, 2022, se aprobó que se incluyera en los planes educativos de Extremadura el levantamiento jornalero del 25 de marzo del 36. No estaba, no está, no se habla, no se cuenta.”
4. The Terror and Massacre: After the Uprising
- General Yagüe’s "Columna de la Muerte": Four months after the uprising, advancing nationalist (francoist) troops led a campaign of terror, notably in Badajoz.
- [06:13] “Los badajocenses no imaginaban en aquel caluroso agosto del 36 que venían con las mismas órdenes … aterrorizar, asesinar, fusilar en masa.”
- The massacre in Constantina: 780 victims, overwhelmingly civilians, led to an orphan crisis and hasty, later-silenced exhumations.
- [06:48] “Es una calle donde se ve a mujeres… banderas blancas… piden clemencia para sus maridos. Bueno, no hubo clemencia.”
- Scale in Badajoz: Historians estimate 4,000 killed in the city, many executed in the bullring and at the cemetery wall.
- [08:30] “Badajoz estaba sembrada de cadáveres. La plaza de toros la llenaron de detenidos y de allí los fueron sacando a fusilar a la mayoría…”
5. Documentation, Denial, and the Struggle for Truth
- International reporting: Spanish media suppressed the massacre, but foreign correspondents like Mario Neves (Diario de Lisboa) and Jay Allen (Chicago Tribune) reported widely.
- [10:13] “El primero que lanza una crónica de la matanza es un periodista portugués, Mário Neves, que publica una detallada crónica… el 14 de agosto del 36.”
- Persistent denial: Despite ample evidence (archives, press, scholarly work by Paul Preston among others), elements of Spanish public life—including local politicians—have denied or minimized these events.
- [11:09] “Por eso, lo siento, pero señoras como la diputada Pilar Pérez del PP votan en contra de que los jóvenes extremeños sean informados de lo que llevan 80 años tapando de sus colegas franquistas.”
- [11:42] “Cuando se ha ido conociendo todo también se puso en marcha la maquinaria fascista de desmentidos…”
6. The Politics of Remembrance
- Erasure of memory: Architectural and symbolic sites (bullring, cemetery) have been actively “sanitized” with euphemistic plaques and physical barriers.
- [12:17] “Se derribó la plaza de toros de Badajoz… para construir un palacio de Congreso redondito… eso sí, se puso una discretita y una eufemística plaquita de metacrilato…”
- Call for honest memory: Nieves critiques the tendency to depoliticize or obscure the true violence, challenging the narrative that victims simply “lost their lives.”
Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments
-
On landowners’ attitudes:
“El señorito decía mira, os voy a pagar esta mierda, con perdón, vais a trabajar de sol a sol y con estas condiciones o lo tomáis o lo dejáis.”
— Nieves Concostrina [01:42] -
On persistent silence:
“Es uno de esos episodios desconocidos en el resto del país por la desinformación impuesta durante 40 años de dictadura y vergonzosamente mantenida durante otros 40 años.”
— Nieves Concostrina [01:16] -
On the massacre’s documentation:
“En las avenidas principales, larga hilera de cadáveres insepultos. Los legionarios y los moros encargados de las ejecuciones quieren que sirvan de ejemplo.”
— Mário Neves (read by Nieves), Diario de Lisboa [10:14] -
On attempts to erase history:
“Eso, con esa plaquita discretita y pequeña, cero patatero. Esto fue con el alcalde de Badajoz, Miguel Celdrán, del PP… También levantó un muro para tapar los disparos de los fusilados en la tapia del cementerio. El muro de la desmemoria.”
— Nieves Concostrina [12:33] -
On the importance of memory:
“Sobre el olvido no puede construirse una sociedad justa.”
— Plaque on the Palacio de Congresos (quoted) [12:20]
Timestamps for Important Segments
- Introduction and framing:
[00:26–01:16] - Backstory and motives for the 1936 uprising:
[01:13–02:55] - Suppression and the post-uprising massacre:
[06:06–09:21] - Discussion of silence, denial, and international reports:
[09:48–11:36] - Modern resistance to historical memory and commemoration:
[11:36–12:57]
Tone and Style
Nieves delivers the episode with her signature blend of candid critique, vivid imagery, dark humor, and historical rigor. There’s an urgency to her call for remembrance, sustained by a sharp awareness of how power shapes not only the past but its telling.
In Conclusion
This episode vividly reconstructs a key but long-suppressed chapter of Extremadura’s and Spain’s history, exposing the costs of both the original repression and the decades-long silence that followed. By foregrounding the need for honest memory, Nieves calls attention not just to past injustice but to current battles over history, education, and truth.
