Victor Davis Hanson (32:37)
Well, they had many more rituals than we did. Sacrifice, sacrifice before a battle, sacrifice before in a festival, honor the gods before a play, etc. But their notion of the gods were not in the same way as the Christian or maybe even the Buddhist and maybe even the Islamic idea. They were not considered in a 360 degree dimension as moral character. They were big humans that didn't die. They were nourished on ambrosia and nectar and e core was their blood. And so they were just young all the time and they were, they were deathless and they, they were the gods of certain things that were physical. Zeus, thunderstorms, thunderbolts, Poseidon, earthquakes and the ocean, tidal waves, Hestia, the hearth inside, Apollo, wisdom and things like that. So they were the anthropomorphic representations, the human shaped representations of things that were necessary for society. Themis, the God of fair dealing. You have to have Zeus the God also of oaths. But they, they killed each other, they were promiscuous, they committed adultery, they committed incest. There was no idea that they were going to be models as in the Christian sense to form and advise and judge your own behavior. It was only about the society. They did have an idea of that and that was hubris and excess and things that wouldn't make society like lying or stealing. That was all divinely enforced. The next question is where did they come from? We know that the Mycenaean Greeks, the palatial cultures at Mycenae and, and Tiryns and Gla and throughout the Greek world basically from about 2500 BC until the late Mycenaean 3b or 1200 that were catastrophically destroyed by either the so called Dorians or the Sea peoples. I don't believe it was climate change, but that was the last generation. And we know on Linear B tablets of Mycenae they had the names of these gods, Zeus. But they were, we don't know how they interacted other than it was very Near Eastern that they were considered divinities that were to worship before war or during meals, sort of like the Greeks. But they had no that what we know, they had no detail. There were no 12 labors of Heracles or Jason and the golden fleas or Perseus and the Gorgon. Those tales emerged at the beginning of the city state. So the Mycenaean palaces are destroyed let's just say 1150, they're gone. Then 1050, 950, 850, 750 BC you have a dark age. And population declined by about 90%. It was in this period that people took those Mycenaean gods and slowly over illiterate. The writing of linear B was lost. They slowly started to try to make sense of the world. They were an illiterate society. There was no science, there was no ability to build the lion gate of Mycenae. They couldn't build a Tholos too many kind of like our society Dark age. I don't think we could build high speed rail anymore. We couldn't build the aqueduct. I don't know if we can even build a nuclear reactor. So they started to idolize rather than damn the ancestors as we do. We look at the Hoover Dam and we don't say, man, those guys were gods, we say, ah, they were exploiting the inner. You know, they destroyed the Colorado River. Not these Greeks. And they would run into things. You know, you'd be in a shepherd and you'd fall through a hole and you were in a Tholos tomb or you were farming, you turned over stone and they were writing on linear B. So they made myths about these supernatural people that used to be on Ur. And that was the beginning of the creation or the genesis of the mythology. And then when the city State came around 750, all of a sudden you had this renaissance. Fertility went up, oceanic navigation, people could go on the sea and trade. A new Alphabet was brought in for the Greek language. The Phoenician Alpha, the Alpha, beta Gamma. So what I'm getting there very quickly is in that point people began to write again. And now we got all of these details of what we call Greek mythology or contemporaneous with the city state. And that's the period when the gods changed from just sort of, you know, there were the first, there were Kronos and Rhea and then their children, Zeus and his five brothers and sisters. And then it was more. Apollo is a God of knowledge, Athena is the protectress of Athens. And each they became very detailed and they became very specific as representing the culture of this very new and dynamic version of Greece that was very different from both the Dark Ages and the Mycenaean eastern influence palace palatial civilization. And then they were very decentralized. So there were 1500 city states. So each city had their own particular God. So the Thebans always had the club of Heracles on their shield. Athens of course was Athena Propolis, they had little epithets. Hera was the goddess of Argos, Artemis, it was a Sparta. And Zeus was the protector of the Panhellenic sanctuary at Olympia from his home very far away, not to be confused, Mount Olympus in northwestern Greece. But each of the 1500 city states took one of the 12 Olympians and they had a sub cult of him. And each God then had an oracle. Zeus's oracle was at Dodonna. Apollo's is famous at Delphi and elsewhere in Asia Minor, for example at Didymo. And so when you say Greek mythology you're talking about the city state and the beginning of western civilization codifying these oral myths and then embroidering them with detail that represents what was necessary in their own lives as a sophisticated, you know, Hermes might have been a messenger God, but in the city state mythology he was very important for not only fertility but for communications and relations between city states. And so they all. And where do you find the myth? There's nothing in Greek literature called the myths of the Greeks that's contemporary. You can find them In Hesiod's poem 700 B.C. the theogony, the Birth of the Gods. Homer, Iliad and Odyssey has a wonderful corpus of anecdotes or short little vignettes on Ares and Aphrodite and Zeus. And then later in the Hellenistic and especially the Roman period there were compilers like Apollodorus has said, or Ovid's Metamorphosis. Roman and Hellenistic they would say I've got to make a. Where. Where. What are all the myths of Hesiod? They're late, they're, they're scholastic, they're not literary. But you can find those handbooks especially of Apollodorus. And finally. It's funny how at the beginning of the western they recalibrated the pre Olympians so there were the so called Titans that was Zeus's father and the race of the original deities. And then they were dethroned by the Olympians. Poseidon, the sea God was the. There were six siblings, Zeus, his wife Hera, his two brothers, Hades, God of the underworld, the really important things. And the sea God Poseidon and then Hestia and there was another Eleuthania or something, there were six of them. And then they had their progeny, Zeus mostly, you know, with, with Leto, he has Artemis and Ares. And of course the point that I'm making is that this generation then represents civilized society and it's always going to be attacked by barbarians and pre civilized people. So no sooner does Zeus kill his father. The old giant generation, which represents, I guess, the dark age past. And then they have to defend it from assaults. And the first one are giants that try to attack them. They have to get Heracles to help them, son of Zeus, half God, demigod. And then they have to deal with centaurs and you know what I mean? So there's all these bestial people who represent the wild fringes of the Greek world. And they're trying to fight the Olympians. And by fighting the Olympians, they're trying to fight civilized Greek, the world of the polis. And this lasts very quickly, this Olympian religion lasts from about 750 all the way down to about 450, 500. And then you know what's going to happen. There's a rational enlightenment and people, you know, some of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, or even Socrates to an extent, he was killed for supposedly introducing new gods, wisdom or logos. And there are people who are saying, well, wait a minute, I don't think that when I see thunder and I hear lightning, it's Poseidon. There must be atoms. If you're democritous. I have a theory that atoms are rubbing each other. And so they start to find a scientific method and that starts to break down the popular religion of the masses. And so I think you could argue by the 4th century, the wealthy elite felt like the Olympian, the Olympian religion, as say a stockbroker in New York does about his Baptist upbringing. It's just a formality, but he doesn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ or God in the same way that his grandparents did. And a lot of people have talked about to later poets like Horus in the Roman period, they identified the secularism of the complex Enlightenment. Both the Roman and the earlier Greek was sort of a loss of vitality that you didn't believe in the Olympian gods and their moral code.