Loading summary
Announcer
This message comes from Stars, the global phenomenon. Outlander returns for its final farewell. Claire and Jamie's story comes to an unforgettable end. Don't miss the final season of Outlander. Friday, March 6th, only on Starz.
Ian
We want to share a little behind the scenes thing from our other jobs producing. Wait, wait, don't tell me. It's something called the breakfast rule.
Mike
Here to talk about this with us are host Peter Sagal, who you all know, and Lorna White, who is our technical director.
Ian
Hi.
Peter Sagal
This is very exciting to be on the air with Lorna. This rarely. No, this never happens.
Ian
This never happens unless it's a mistake.
Mike
Oh, well, there you go. This isn't a mistake. But it could have been.
Ian
It could turn into one.
Mike
Yeah.
Ian
Could turn into a mistake very quickly. Lorna, I should say, is with us because when it comes to avoiding mistakes that might get the show canceled, Mike thinks of Lorna as the last line of defense, if you're comfortable with that description. I'm comfortable with being the mom of the show.
Peter Sagal
I'm not comfortable with it because I don't know what it means. What is Lorna defending us from?
Mike
If there's ever anything that is on the line and we're still uncertain about whether or not it's gonna offend the audience, Lorna is often one of the last, if not the last, person to hear the show before it goes out. So if. If her radar goes off, then we know we have to address it. And that way, she is the last line of defense.
Ian
So we have this rule called the breakfast rule, which is how we decide whether or not something is too gross to go in the air. If you were eating breakfast while listening to whatever story, how grossed out would you be? Recently, there was a question on the show that made the show, but there was a part. I was editing this, and there was a part that happened at the end that I found to be the funniest part. But it also felt like, I don't know if we can put this on the radio. So I'm first. Let's just take a couple minutes. We'll listen to what ran on the radio. This is the edited version, Peter.
Peter Sagal
Times are stressful. We know that. But the New York Times has offered advice for achieving, quote, nirvana. Just do what?
Ian
Subscribe to the New York Times.
Peter Sagal
No,
Ian
I'll take a hint.
Peter Sagal
It's okay. I mean, not only do you achieve absolute inner peace, you also find out
Ian
if you have polyps. Get a colonoscopy.
Peter Sagal
Yes, go get a colonoscopy. A writer was finally forced by his advancing age to get a colonoscopy, and he discovered that they're actually wonderful. A secret known only to all the people who have gotten a colonoscopy. Why do you think we're special? Smiling all the time?
Ian
I'm sorry. I've had two. I do not agree with this sentiment. I like the being knocked out and not being awake for it. But have you prepped for a colonoscopy?
Peter Sagal
Here's the thing. So most people who enjoy colonoscopy, it's all about the drugs. They give you the procedure. You're out, you wake up, you feel good, it's okay, you feel good for the rest of the day. This guy even loved the prep. That's when. Yes, that's when you have to drink gallons of horse laxative until your organs liquefy and exit your body. He says, quote, it was as liberating as a spa day. He called it, quote, my diarrhea vacation.
Mary Norris
Oh, my God.
Peter Sagal
And I will admit, it is kind of fun to discover that your own body is a clown car. I had no idea how it all fit in there.
Ian
You know, people get on the New
Keith Houston
York Times for so many.
Ian
So many, like, political left and right
Mary Norris
reasons who they support.
Peter Sagal
This is the last straw for me.
Ian
I'm not interested in their opinions on colonoscopies.
Peter Sagal
Yeah. This guy is gonna be so amazed if he ever takes an actual vacation. You mean I don't have to spend all day lying next to the toilet? This Wisconsin Dells is heaven on earth.
Mike
Okay, that's fine.
Ian
All right. For me, the D word is always on the line whenever that shows up. I'm never sure I want to hear it, but okay, so I'm going to play now what we cut, and it'll just pick up at the very end of what you heard, and you'll.
Peter Sagal
Wisconsin Dells is heaven on earth. Of course, he got into trouble because my diarrhea vacation is the trademark for Carnival cruises and they got mad. I had norovirus once. Really?
Mary Norris
I would not describe it as nirvana.
Peter Sagal
No, it was quite painful.
Ian
You did say that like a character in a film noir movie. I had norovirus once. It's the most fantastic week of my life.
Mary Norris
Those were the days, my salad days,
Announcer
where salad, little E came out of my butt.
Peter Sagal
Huh? Yeah.
Ian
So, Lorna, would that have crossed your line? Oh, yes, I think it would have, based on how visual it is.
Mike
Oh, it does paint a picture.
Mark Davis
Yeah.
Ian
Salad coming out of your butt. It's a little too visual.
Peter Sagal
I will say that it was fun for me to listen to that because I remember the material that ended up in the air, because it ended up in the air. But my mind just erases everything that happens during a taping, usually. So I had no idea what was going to come next. And what was it that would. That finally ended up crossing the line, the breakfast rule. And it cracked me up that it was Nagin's long walk to that remarkable destination of salad coming out of one one's butt. It was. So that's what it was. Yep. Yeah, I can see that. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. I can see how that would be a problem, especially if people were eating salad for breakfast.
Mike
Salad coming out of your butt. I think I would have kept that if I were editing it.
Sponsor/Ad Voice
Really?
Mike
I think so. Yeah, I think I would have kept it. What do you think, Lorna? You think I would have kept it?
Ian
I would have questioned it. You would have kept it? I would have questioned it heavily. I like what we've done here. That we. So what. What we did is because we. Because one time we removed someone talking about salad coming out of their butt, we have now successfully added 10 additional. 10 additional times saying salad coming out of a butt into the NPR archive.
Peter Sagal
It's true. It'll be there.
Ian
It'll be the Library of Congress forever.
Peter Sagal
Yeah.
Mike
Okay. So in conclusion, this is the breakfast rule. Salad coming out of your butt. That is too much.
Ian
We just said it again.
Mike
Yeah, sorry about that.
Ian
And I'll just. One more time. Salad coming out of your butt. You can use this in your own life, I think.
Mike
Yeah.
Ian
To decide if something belongs there or not. If you're dating someone and you can't eat breakfast without being disgusted by the thought of them, I think it's time to break up.
Mike
A person would violate the breakfast rule.
Ian
I know some people that could.
Mike
Are you talking about me?
Sponsor/Ad Voice
Support for this podcast and the following message come from sponsor Mint Mobile. Ditch overpriced wireless and get three months of premium wireless service from Mint Mobile for 15 bucks a month. If you like your money, Mint Mobile is for you. Shop plans@mintmobile.com wait. Upfront payment of $45 for 3 months of 5 gigabyte plan required. New customer offer for first 3 months only. Then full price plan options available, taxes and fees extra. See mintmobile.com this message comes from Intuit.
Announcer
TurboTax with TurboTax Expert. Full service match with a dedicated expert who will do your taxes for you from start to finish, getting you every dollar you deserve. It's that easy. Visit turbotax.com to match with an expert today.
Sponsor/Ad Voice
This Message comes from LinkedIn ads One of the hardest parts about B2B marketing is reaching the right audience. That's why you need LinkedIn ads. You can target your buyers by job title, company role, seniority and skills. All the professional you need to reach in one place. Get a $250 credit on your next campaign so you can try it yourself. Just go to LinkedIn.com nprpod that's LinkedIn.com nprpod Terms and conditions apply only on LinkedIn ads. Support for this podcast and the following message come from Alexa say hello to the all new Alexa plus Need last minute concert tickets? Craving your favorite restaurant? Just sit back, relax and talk naturally. Alexa's on it. Alexa remembers what you love, anticipates what you need, and makes it all happen. Alexa brings thousands of possibilities to life, ready whenever inspiration strikes. And now Alexa is free with prime on your Amazon devices like Echo and FireTV. Amazon.com Alexaplus this message comes from Prolon
Announcer
Feeling heavy and depleted after the holidays, Prolon's five Day Fasting Mimicking Diet aims to make it easy to reset your body habits and energy heading into the new year. Developed at USC's Longevity Institute, the goal of Prolon's nutrition program is to rejuvenate you from within by working at the cellular level to support fat loss, glowing skin and Sharper Focus. Get 15% off plus a bonus gift when you subscribe at prolonlife.com NPR
Ian
this is how to Do Everything. I'm Ian.
Mike
And I'm Mike. If you have a question for us, you can send it to us at our email. Our email address is howtopr.org Autumns has a question.
Ian
Autumns, what can we help you with?
Mary Norris
Yeah, so I have a very unique name and I'm wondering how to, you know, kind of change it to make it proper to the situation, I guess.
Mike
Okay.
Ian
Yeah, I mean, I guess we just said your name. It's Autumns, but I think for the purpose of this question we should have you spell it for us.
Mary Norris
Yeah. So it's Autumn like the season. A U T U M N with an apostrophe.
Ian
S. The apostrophe is part of your name.
Mary Norris
It is. So my first name obviously is Autumn and my middle name is Hope, so it's Autumn's Hope.
Mike
Oh, that's nice.
Mary Norris
Yeah, my dad decided to make it a super easy one.
Announcer
Right.
Mike
Wait, so what did teachers call you when you were in school?
Mary Norris
Yeah, I always go by Autumn Just because it's less confusing. But every time I got handed a report card or now anytime I do anything legal, people get very confused and they look at me and say, oh, hang on, there's a mistake. And I have to go, no, no, no, no. The mistake was made at my birth certificate. You know, jokingly,
Ian
if I were. Do you know? So if I were writing about something that was yours, if I were talking about your car, say, would I write a U, T, U, M, N apostrophe S apostrophe S car.
Mary Norris
That is exactly my question. That's exactly why I contacted you guys, because I've always wanted to know that since it is inherently possessive. But of my middle name, how do I go about making it possessive of other things?
Ian
Yeah.
Mike
Do you have. Do you have any siblings?
Mary Norris
I do, and all their names are normal.
Mike
No, really? Like what?
Announcer
Yeah.
Mary Norris
Yeah, really. So my mom wanted to name me Autumn Rain, and my dad thought that that was too hippie, so he put the apostrophe s instead because.
Mike
Wait, that's weird.
Sponsor/Ad Voice
I don't know.
Ian
Okay, so Autumn's hope was that was the non hippie choice, apparently.
Mary Norris
Although it didn't work because I ended up a little too hippie for his taste, too.
Mike
What are your siblings names?
Mary Norris
Yeah. Clinton, Edward, and then Kimberly Diane.
Mike
I feel like those are the exact opposite of your name.
Ian
Right.
Mike
I don't know. There's a missed opportunity. You could have been Clinton's despair. You know, the perfect person for this is Mary Norris.
Ian
Norris is spelled, by the way. There's no apostrophe before the S. Mary.
Mike
Mary Norris has been a copy editor and proofreader with the New Yorker magazine for decades.
Ian
So, Mary, we just got off the phone with someone named Autumns, and that is spelled Autumn, like the season apostrophe S. The apostrophe is part of the name. First of all. Can we just get your response to this?
Mary Norris
As a name, her name is a possessive.
Mike
Yes, that is correct.
Ian
It is.
Mary Norris
That seems like a mistake.
Mike
That's what Autumns would tell you, too. And she's had to tell everybody that it's not a mistake.
Mark Davis
Oh, my.
Mary Norris
It's interesting because the world of the web and, you know, digital world rejects apostrophes every chance it gets. But it wouldn't make sense to spell it without the apostrophe either, would it? I think she should change her name.
Mike
Okay.
Ian
Okay, well, let me ask you this. If she didn't change her name.
Mike
Yeah.
Ian
Just grammatically, if I wanted to talk about something that belonged to her would I do Autumn apostrophe s. Apostrophe S.
Mary Norris
Autumn's Is.
Mike
Yeah.
Mary Norris
Well, I think that would just make it worse, don't you?
Mike
Well, what would you do?
Mary Norris
Yeah, what I would do, I would draw the line. That's a double apostrophe S. No, I mean, you can drive yourself crazy with this stuff.
Mike
Can I ask you, Mary, so we're coming to you as our. Our kind of ultimate authority on this. Right. When you're in a similar situation as we are in, when you don't have an answer, who do you turn to?
Mary Norris
I turn to the person who was my boss at the New Yorker at the copy desk. Her name is Ann Goldstein. I turned to her.
Mike
Okay.
Ian
Can we conference her in? Can we bring her into this call and.
Mary Norris
I wouldn't know how to do that.
Mike
I could probably figure it out. Hello, Ann.
Mary Norris
Oh, hi. Okay. Hi, Ann. Hi, Mary.
Mike
All right, Ann, we have called you here with a specific purpose. Mary says you're the person above her that she calls when she has a grammar question. Is that right?
Mary Norris
Yeah. I mean, I don't consider myself above her, but she. She would call me here.
Mike
Okay.
Mary Norris
Office hierarchy, anyway. Well, yes, in the office hierarchy. That's right.
Mark Davis
Great.
Ian
Okay. And what do you think about that name? Someone with that name on their birth certificate, Autumn, apostrophe s. Okay.
Mary Norris
It's not a clerical error.
Mike
She insists that it's not.
Ian
I think people often think it is. Yeah. But no.
Mike
So if you were going to write it out about. You were going to say, whose car is that? And you know, it's Autumn's car. How would you spell that?
Mary Norris
Oh, that's really a trick question. I guess I'll put another apostrophe on. Wait a second. I have to look at this. Yeah, well, the thing is, if you put another apostrophe. Yes, it looks like a typo.
Mike
Well, it may look like a typo, but is that not the right answer?
Mary Norris
You could argue it either way if the truth is the matter. I guess at the New Yorker we would put apostrophe s. That was. We made a ruling about the apostrophe s at a certain point.
Mike
Okay, so what's the consensus? Do we have consensus here?
Mary Norris
I can see. No, I mean, the consensus is that anything goes.
Mike
All right. Thank you both. Mary, thanks again.
Mary Norris
It's so interesting. That's a very interesting question. I'm glad you sprung it on me. Sprang it on me? Slang it on me. Excuse me.
Mike
Oh, hold on a sec. Mary, is it sprung or spraying which is it?
Mark Davis
Spring.
Mary Norris
Sprang. Sprung.
Peter Sagal
Oh, gosh.
Ian
You know what we should do? It seems like the available punctuation marks are not sufficient for Autumn's unique needs. Yeah, we should make her a new
Mike
punctuation mark, something she can use whenever she needs to indicate that she has possession of something. Something is hers.
Ian
We're gonna ring punctuation expert to try and help us. This is Keith Houston. Keith, when was the last time we got a new punctuation mark?
Keith Houston
Oh, the last. The last successful punctuation mark, I guess, was probably the exclamation mark. It looks like it was around about the 14th century, but it's not really clear. It's not really clear where it came from. I think there's a suggestion that it comes from an exclamation of joy in Latin, which was IO so I, O. And you can imagine how with. With, you know, maybe the I ends up above the O. Perhaps the O gets smaller and smaller until it turns into a dot. And at this point, this is where. In the mid 14th century, this is where. This is where it was first proposed. And it seemed to be. It seemed to become more common into the 15th century. And then after that point, you're pretty close to. Well, that's only printing. That's when printing appears. And so it was lucky enough to appear at the point at which it could be standardized.
Ian
Okay, so, Autumns, first of all, let me just as you're. As someone who has looked at punctuation throughout history, what is your reaction to Autumn's name?
Keith Houston
It is a bold. A bold choice for a name, I think, on the part of her parents. And I can see her problem. Yeah, it's not. Not an easy thing to deal with, especially when you're dealing with possessives or plurals.
Mike
Yeah.
Keith Houston
And your name ends in apostrophe s.
Ian
So if we were. If we were to come up with a new punctuation mark to something just for Autumn, where would we begin in creating a new punctuation mark?
Keith Houston
First of all, you have to describe what the mark needs to do and then figure out what it's going to look like. So I don't know. Imagine perhaps we want a mark which looks like, I don't know, a plus symbol with a diagonal line through it or something. And this indicates something belonging to Autumn. For example, if you're lucky, that might already exist. There is this organization called the Unicode Consortium. This is when it gets really exciting. We get to talk about big NGOs. The Unicode Consortium has responsibility basically for standardizing the set of characters that computers can exchange, and in doing so, they more or less. They don't control language. That's far too strong a way of putting it. But they are the final gatekeepers before a new mark of punctuation or a letter or a number or any other symbol can be used on the majority of computers around the world. So you need to design your mark. You need to describe what it's going to do, and if you want to be able to type it on anyone's computer, if you want Autumn's special mark of punctuation to be available everywhere, you have to convince the Unicode Consortium that it's a good idea. And they have a whole set of criteria. You have to write this little formal document, send it off to them, Perhaps they'll call you to ask to discuss it, and if you're lucky, the Unicode Technical Committee will decide to include it. And at some point in the future, it then becomes ratified, it becomes a standard mark. And then if you're. Further, if you're even more lucky, then all of the companies that care about what Unicode say, like Google and Facebook and Apple, all the companies that actually control the text that we can see and we can type, perhaps they decide to add it to their fonts, and they can do that because Unicode has said this is a standard mark.
Mike
Okay, okay. But it starts with Unicode.
Keith Houston
Yes. And it ends with Unicode in some ways.
Ian
Is there somewhat at Unicode you recommend we call to start this process?
Keith Houston
Mark Davis was one of the founding members of Unicode. He would be the perfect person to talk to about this.
Ian
I think it's amazing just that the person in charge of exclamation marks and question marks is named Mark. I think that's an amazing thing that's happened.
Keith Houston
I've been writing about punctuation for 15 or 20 years now, and I have not thought of that previously. Disappointed in myself.
Mike
Okay. All right. Skyler has managed to arrange it. Mark Davis is on the line with us now. Hey, Mark.
Mark Davis
Hi. How are you doing?
Ian
Great, great. Can I pitch you a punctuation mark?
Mark Davis
Well, go ahead. We'll see what happens.
Mike
All right, here you go.
Announcer
All right.
Ian
Yeah, we have a listener who we need a new punctuation mark to denote possession that we would like in. In. We would like it to be part of Unicode, part of the universal system we all use as soon as possible. Can we do that?
Mark Davis
That would be very hard to do. And I can outline some of the reasons why it gets very tricky to do. But the chief issue is that you have to really show A lot of usage before it becomes a candidate for inclusion.
Ian
It's. It's kind of an emergency.
Mark Davis
Well, there are very few character emergencies that we've had. Okay, I'll give you an example of one is when there's a new currency symbol, and those tend to be things that are emergencies. Another one was when the Japanese emperor died, because in the Japanese calendar, the era name for each emperor is a new symbol, and then that gets encoded. And that was something we rushed out very quickly so that it could be added to all of the operating systems so they could actually show people dates with the right era symbol.
Mary Norris
And
Mark Davis
as I said, currency symbols are another one where there's. Those would constitute emergencies.
Mike
So if our caller autumns, if she were to become the emperor of Japan, it's possible then that you would come up with a special punctuation or a special character for her.
Mark Davis
I can say with almost 100% occurrence that if she became the emperor of Japan, that she could get her symbol into unicode.
Mike
All right. Okay. Well, there's a path forward, even if it's an unlikely path.
Mark Davis
Okay. There you go.
Mike
Well, that does it for this week's show. What'd you learn, Ian?
Ian
Well, I learned that maybe I was not. I didn't think creatively enough when naming my children.
Mike
Okay.
Ian
I. I felt. For whatever reason, whatever shortcoming, I felt confined to the 26 letters of the Alphabet.
Mike
Yeah.
Ian
When really there was all that punctuation I could have played with.
Mike
That's true. When you think about it, when you're typing on your phone, There's a button you can push, and that opens up a whole nother keyboard full of opportunity right there.
Ian
Yeah. Meet my daughter, Jennifer.
Mike
And. Yeah, this is my son. It's an unpronounceable, super strong password.
Ian
Peter.
Peter Sagal
Yes.
Keith Houston
Peter.
Ian
What did you learn today?
Peter Sagal
Oh, I learned about what it is that triggers at least one of the things that could trigger our breakfast rule, which is foods remaining in their original form, Emerging from the human body. Right, right.
Mike
So the picture you have.
Peter Sagal
Yes. Is the reason I.
Keith Houston
Right.
Peter Sagal
The reason I agree with the decision to cut Negeen's joke Is that the image in my head was actual salad in its leafy form, multicolored, you know.
Mike
Yeah.
Peter Sagal
And that's what I thought of. And that's a distressing image in my head. And so that's why I agreed, you know, with your decision not to broadcast it. Yeah.
Ian
I guess, like, digestion is the editing
Peter Sagal
of the body in a weird way. Yeah. We want to make sure you don't want to. You don't want to see it in its raw form.
Ian
How to Do Everything is produced by Skyler Swenson with technical direction from Lorna White.
Mike
Our interns this week are Anne and Mary, who are joining us just for this one week from the New Yorker.
Ian
Send us your questions, whatever they may be, to our email address. That's howtopr.org I'm Ian.
Mike
And I'm Mike.
Ian
Thank you.
Sponsor/Ad Voice
This message comes from Alexa. Say hello to Alexa and see how Alexa can do more for you craving your favorite restaurant. Alexa's on it free with prime on your Amazon devices. More@Amazon.com Alexaplus this message comes from Jerry Many people are overpaying on car insurance. Why? Switching providers can be a pain. Jerry helps make the process painless. Jerry is the only app that compares rates from over 50 insurers in minutes and helps you switch fast with no spam calls or hidden fees. Drivers who save with Jerry could save over $1,300 a year before you renew your car insurance policy, download the Jerry app or head to Jerry Ainpr.
Announcer
This message comes from Capella University. That spark you feel? That's your drive. For More Capella University's flexpath Learning format lets you earn your degree at your pace without putting life on pause. Learn more at Capella. Eduardo.
Original Air Date: March 4, 2026
Host: Peter Sagal (NPR)
Notable Participants: Mike Danforth, Ian Chillag, Lorna White (Technical Director), Mary Norris (The New Yorker), Keith Houston (punctuation historian), Mark Davis (Unicode Consortium)
This episode of NPR’s Wait Wait... Don’t Tell Me! centers on "The Breakfast Rule": the internal guideline used by the team to determine whether potentially gross or off-putting content should make it onto the air—especially when listeners might be eating. The hosts share real examples of lines they’ve drawn in editing, discuss grammar predicaments involving unique names, and take a delightfully wonky dive into how new punctuation could come into existence.
This episode is a must-listen for comedy fans, grammar nerds, and anyone who’s ever wondered how public radio tiptoes around bodily functions and the boundaries of taste—especially before noon.