← Who Did What Now With Katie Charlwood
Who Did What Now With Katie Charlwood
199. Inherited Wounds : Indigenous Boarding School System
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- [00:00]
Katie Charlwood
Hi, I'm Steph and I work at UnitedHealthcare. When I think about UnitedHealthcare's members, I think of my own family. My niece was diagnosed with an ultra rare genetic disorder. I know how hard it is for families at UnitedHealthcare. We can make it easier.
- [00:15]
Brian
I'm Brian. I care because I know what it's like to not speak the language. It's not easy. Health insurance is complicated. I would say our job is to make everything easy for our UXC members. I work for UnitedHealthcare. I'm committed to care.
- [00:30]
Tab Ramos
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- [01:33]
Cyndi Lauper
Audio Join me Cyndi Lauper with Chef Michelle Bernstein and Dr. Panico to talk about psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, the potential connection and risk of developing permanent joint damage.
- [01:49]
Cosentyx Medication Announcer
Cosentic secukinumab is prescribed for adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis 300 milligram dose and adults with active psoriatic arthritis 150 milligrams dose. Don't use if you're allergic to Cosentyx before starting, get checked for tuberculosis. An increased risk of infections and lowered ability to fight them may occur like tuberculosis or other serious bacterial, fungal or viral infections. Some are fatal. Tell your doctor if you have an infection or symptoms like fevers, sweats, chills, muscle aches or cough, had a vaccine or planned to, or if inflammatory bowel disease symptoms develop or worsen serious allergic reactions and severe eczema like skin reactions may occur. Learn more at 1-844-cosentyx or cosentyx.com Cindy
- [02:34]
Brian
this is Miles Gray from Ain't It Footy. How can you stay winning during the FIFA World Cup 2026? Well, the active cash Visa credit card from Wells Fargo scores unlimited 2% cash rewards on all types of fanfare purchases. That's cash rewards on tickets, merch and game day snacks. I call that a win, win, win because unlimited 2% cash rewards earned means unlimited bragging rights won terms apply. Visit Wells Fargo.com ActiveCash Visa Worldwide Partner of the FIFA World Cup 26.
- [03:19]
Katie Charlwood
Hello delicious friends, and welcome to who did what Now? The history podcast. That is not your history class. With me, your host, Katie Charlwood, history harlot and reader of books. You know, I really need to work on my voice care because like, I mean I've got my throat coat tea, you know, I have my little strepsils and stuff, but my goodness, I really strained my voice a lot. Like this time I was in Dublin for my friend show the fabulous, the Amazing, the astounding Dr. Esme Louise James. So I was there to see her kinky history the Eggplanter. And oh my goodness, I was thrilled to see her and Susan and Chris again. And I got to meet Eggie the eggplant. It was, it was a very fun time. And now Esme is so talented. Like we went to dinner, my friend Sha joined us and it was such a good show and so many mutuals were there. Like, I even got my own panto moment where somebody went, that's Katie Charlwood. And the Felson PA went oh no it isn't. And I was just like, oh yes it is.
- [04:39]
Julian Edelman
Tada.
- [04:41]
Katie Charlwood
Although someone at one point thought I was like Dr. Kate Lister. And I was like, listen, I'll take the compliment. And then I said it to someone else and they were like, well, I've never seen the two of you in the same room at the same time. It's like, oh, Zoe, just two historians with curly hair and regional accents. Like, yeah, but I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, katie, quit your jibber jabber and fact me and fact you I will. But first we've got to get our source on our sources are My People the Sioux by Luther Standing Bear, American Indian Stories by Zitkala Sa, Indian School Days by Basil Johnston, Resistance and Renewal by Celia Haig Brown, Building the Braffelton by Daniel Moretti Legholtz and Buck Woodward, unspeakable by Dr. Gwen Adshed and Aileen Horn, Education and Extinction by David Wallace Adams and I also and boardingschoolhealing.org are you sitting comfortably?
- [06:02]
Domino's Pizza Legal Disclaimer
Good.
- [06:03]
Katie Charlwood
Then let's begin. By the time the children reached the school grounds, it was nightfall. They were led towards an open door where bright lights flooded. The children trembled, exhausted. They lined up, their photos taken. Then they were stripped of their clothes and any belonging that reminded them of home. At seven years old, she kicked and screamed, scratching and clawing at the hands that dragged her across the hard wooden boards. She fought as they carried her down the stairs. She threw, her body convulsing, attempting to escape. But she was still tied to the wooden chair, not so tight you could barely feel her hands, the cold blades of the scissors against her neck, the sharp sounds as they gnawed through her braids, hacking away as she fought against those blades. Within moments, the braid that had taken years to grow lay at her feet, a silent reminder that every child brought through those doors was expected to leave something behind. It's July 2026 at time of recording and time of release. Now July 2026 is the 250th anniversary of the Continental Congress approving the final wording on the Declaration of Independence. So it's also BIPOC Mental Health Awareness Month. And yes, I am aware of the irony of this being shared by the human equivalent of a mayonnaise wonder bread sandwich, which is why when I talk about history, especially history relating to other nations and cultures and ethnic groups, it's usually because white people did some stuff, rarely, rarely any good. And it's like when I was doing the Black History Month, someone said that it's not black history, it's white history regarding black people. And they're not wrong. And this month I'm going to be spending it talking about how the usa, the country, the society, the culture, how it exists, how it came to be. And I know I'm not going to be able to cover everything, but it would be a disservice to talk about the history of the country and not cover the people used to get it there and the effect that it had on them. So I'm going to be discussing systemic abuse, racial violence, colonialism, racism. It is not going to be pleasant, it's not going to be gentle. And if you think that this may be too much, if you think this is going to be very difficult for you to listen, if it's going to be too heavy, I understand. And it might be time to exit stage left and we will catch you next time, because today I'm talking about inherited wounds, indigenous boarding schools and historical trauma. Throughout this episode. I'll probably be using many out of date terms in quotes and such for historical accuracy when necessary. Again, it's not pleasant, but we have to understand how people were treated at the time. And I'm going to try and be as considerate as I can, but I'm not going to hide what history did because there's enough people trying to do that already. And you might be wondering what is historical trauma? And I'm glad you asked because I will tell you. Historical trauma is a multi generational trauma experienced by a specific cultural, racial or ethnic group. It is the build up of emotional and psychological wounding of that group across generations. Starting from massive population level traumatic events like colonization, slavery or genocide. And descendants may exhibit trauma related symptoms without having lived through the original event. It can manifest as survivor guilt, unresolved grief, and a deep rooted distrust in authorities and institutions. And there are other disparities like higher rates of depression and cardiovascular disease. And we see this through so many cultures and groups. Holocaust survivors, survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Guatemala, the Nakba, the black community in the usa, the Trail of Tears, and of course the indigenous boarding schools. Like sometimes you'll see them called neo Indian boarding schools or residential schools. The terms will move around depending on the era. The question is how did government run boarding schools aimed at assimilation, reshape indigenous identity, family systems and mental health across generations? History doesn't exist in a vacuum. So let's slip into some context. In the 15th century, several small European countries decided they wanted more. And when I say countries, a lot of it was monarchies and empires. I'm actually going to go back a little bit further actually. So the medieval way, which predates this, people didn't swear fealty to land, it was to a king, which is why a king of one country, say England, would have ownership of parts of France like Calais, because you weren't connected to the land, you were connected to the ruler. And our idea of geography is fairly new, historically speaking, because geography is political. Like that's how the borders exist. Areas would be like under the control of different rulers. And it was the rulers who people had their allegiance to, not necessarily the country. And in the early modern period, these countries, they knew far lands existed. And in a combination of FOMO and rivalry, they set out to discover lands, establish trade routes and fill up the privy pass. Because like a lot of these countries were consistently fighting each other and as such they needed money. To fund all the wars. And so they're very much into this idea of ownership, confined with the concept that religion mattered more than race. But we will get to that another day. The Portuguese started colonizing the American continent, as did the Spanish, the French, the Dutch, and of course the British. Between them, they had alliances and wars and trade deals, and it did provide us with pirates, which is the fun part of all of this history. However, the rest of it, not really great otherwise. The Spanish were colonizing so well, the England was impressed. And so they tried to colonize North America based on what they called the Spanish model. The English established a colony of Roanoke that mysteriously disappeared after being abandoned for several years. And no one actually looking for the colonists, even though they had left a forwarding address. We know where they went. They joined tribes. The one, it was just over there. A tribe that mysteriously, you know, years later, had all of these blonde haired, blue eyed children who were using European tools and they're like, I wonder how this happened. Gee whiz, Poirot, rub those little gray cells together and figure it out. So they tried other colonies. There was the Cupid colony in Newfoundland, which failed. And there was also the Po Bomb colony in Maine. And then finally the first permanent colony, Jamestown. Now, people who don't know the history, they will try and tell you that this was a flourishing colony from the get go. And it didn't have any issues whatsoever. But it struggled. So much so that the colonists resorted to cannibalizing a teenage girl. And it wasn't as if they just, you know, cooked her and cut her up. They found tooth marks, human tooth marks on her skull. Like they gnawed at her. They probably sucked the marrow from her bones. The colonists were also aided massively by the Powhatan Confederacy. They provided food, they showed them how to survive on the land, they helped them with shelter, they traded with them. Like they had a lot of help just to get through, like the first winter and things. Like, there was so much help by the indigenous people because that's just what they did, you know. And the settlers, yeah, took it all for granted because the settlers believed that they could claim land and basically pushed out native people, thus causing tensions. This led to disputes, arguments and wars. When information returned home about how the colony was doing so well, more money was thrust into colonies by their various governments and rulers and businessmen, and more colonists became entitled. As a result. You had territorial expansion with regions like New France, New Spain, New Netherlands, New Sweden. There were Russian colonies and English colonies. And yeah, a lot of the time, they were also fighting each other. Eventually, the 13 British colonies unified and became the United States, followed by the Revolutionary War or the war of Independence, depending on how you call it. There were a lot of factors in this, you know, that led to this war of independence, this Revolutionary War, including the banning of the transatlantic slave trade, the fact that Britain wanted a boundary line along the Appalachian mountains to leave the indigenous people on one side and the British colonies on the other. And, you know, the colonies wanted to expand, they wanted to continue doing that. And, you know, also that whole thing about taxes, but. But they all played a part. But, like, you'll find that certain people have a habit of just screaming, taxation without representation. And it's like, that's not the whole story. That's like one third of this. But yeah, they weren't super into taxes either. With the United States formed and the treaty of Paris Signed in 1783, the indigenous people were treated like Persona non grata and faced marginalization and displacement. Ignored by the new US Government. Ignored by the US Government. Their ancestral homelands were claimed as spoils of war, with white settlement pushing westward. So when I say ancestral, I mean ancestral. Like there's like Blackfoot remains going back at least 18,000 years. So, yeah, they've been there for a while. The aftermath of the war brought treaties and land loss. Because many tribes had aligned with the British, the US Treated them like conquered enemies. This caused the rapid expansion of American territory and forced tribes to surrender huge tracts of land through bullshit treaties that were not only coercive, but were often backed on. Like they. They backtracked on these treaties. They weren't worth the paper they were written in. The displacement led to inter tribal wars and resistance. And then, of course, the policies, official U.S. policies of assimilation and forced removal were established with treaties designed to transform indigenous economies into sedentary, European style agriculture. See, the federal government had no intention of letting indigenous people continue to live their lives according to their own cultures, spirituality, or economies. They had to be snuffed out and Americanized. This was about forcing assimilation. Kill the Indian, save the man.
- [20:41]
Tab Ramos
This is Tab Ramos from inside American Soccer. The cup knockout round is now, and DraftKings has you covered for every single match. The DraftKings app is now available in all 50 states and includes all markets, bringing the game straight to your fingertips wherever you are. New DraftKings customers, sign up with code DK1. Spend five bucks to get 200 in rewards within 21 days. That's code DK1 in partnership with DraftKings the crown is yours.
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- [21:46]
Julian Edelman
Julian Edelman from Games with Names. When it comes to big games, there's a lot of things that people don't see. The preparation, the details, all the small things that can make a huge difference. Watching games is no different. The environment around you matters and especially the food. That's why I go with Domino's Best deal ever. Any pizza, any toppings for $9.99 now including Parmesan stuffed crust. You could build your lineup any way you want. Toppings are just like free agents. Pepperoni, sausage, jalapenos and even bacon. That reliable vet that plays well with anyone. Personally, I like to keep it simple. The good old pepperoni pizza. Can't forget about the crust either. Parmesan stuffed crust, hand tossed pan, New York style. Each option really makes the pie your own. With Domino's Best deal ever. You can build the Perfect lineup for $9.99 and during big games you don't want distractions. That's why I keep it simple with my go to order. It's like the ultimate play. Any pizza, any toppings $9.99 now including Parmesan stuffed crust. Lock in while you're cheering on your favorite team.
- [23:09]
Domino's Pizza Legal Disclaimer
Price is higher for some locations. Excludes Excel and specialty pizzas. Select this offer from 615 through 726 online only. Size availability varies by crest type max 7 topping 6 from Anna New York style crust. Minimum purchase required for delivery. Prices, participation, delivery area and charges may vary.
- [23:24]
Home Depot Announcer
Right now at the Home Depot you can stock up on storage solutions to fit your needs, like the Husky heavy duty shelving with weight capacity up to £2,500 per shelf. So it can handle all of your garage organization needs, your power tools or your weightlifting set if that's what you're into. Because the right storage system for you should fit fit what you need it to right now get up to 15% off. Select storage solutions that can handle anything you throw at them, on them or in them at the Home Depot. How DOERS get more done
- [23:55]
Cyndi Lauper
Join me Cyndi Lauper with Chef Michelle Bernstein and Dr. Panico to talk about psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, the potential connection and risk of developing permanent joint damage.
- [24:09]
Cosentyx Medication Announcer
Cosentic Secukinumab is prescribed for adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis 300mg dose, and adults with active psoriatic arthritis 150mg dose. Don't use if you're allergic to Cosentyx before starting, get checked for tuberculosis. An increased risk of infections and lowered ability to fight them may occur. Like tuberculosis or other serious bacterial, fungal or viral infections, some are fatal. Tell your doctor if you have an infection or symptoms like fevers, sweats, chills, muscle aches or cough had a vaccine or planned to, or if inflammatory bowel disease symptoms develop or worsen, serious allergic reactions and severe eczema like skin reactions may occur. Learn more at 1-844-cosentyx or cosentyx.com Cindy.
- [24:58]
Katie Charlwood
The federal government wanted to strip indigenous children of their culture and heritage, but they needed to ensure that they had little or nothing to return to. A series of acts were passed. The Indian removal Act of 1830 authorized by President Andrew Jackson to negotiate with Southern tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi river, which triggered the Trail of Tears. It was effectively a Death March. The 14th Amendment of 1868 stated that anyone born on American soil was an American citizen. However, this was deemed not to apply to the indigenous people of America. The Dawes act of 1887 dismantled communal tribal land ownership, breaking it down into small allotments, allowing the government to confiscate and sell over 90 million acres of surplus tribal land to non native settlers. The Curtis act of 1898 abolished Tribal courts and governments, forcing tribes to comply with federal laws. It was divide and conquer. Between all this, the European settlers had spread disease amongst indigenous people. It is estimated that 55 to 100 million indigenous people lost their lives as a result of contracting colonizer diseases. The federal government wanted assimilation and so they utilized missionaries, which are typically at the forefront of colonization like it is often used as like a socially acceptable way of colonizing people. The Indian Civilization Fund act was a $10,000 annual fund to subsidize missionaries operational costs on or near reservations to teach the three R's reading, writing, arithmetic and to assimilate Native Americans into Euro American society. So these were spread all across the country, into all of the reservations and then other establishments were built or established. This used to be an army barracks, but the Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School was established in 1879. It was off reservation. To ensure separation from culture and society, such schools would be set up across the country. The Indian boarding school system systematically removed indigenous youth from reservations to schools across the country. Schools where traditional clothing were forbidden, as was the mother tongue. Only English was spoken to ensure assimilation. This system lasted more than a century and had devastating effects on generations of indigenous people. To clarify that number, over 526 government funded and church run Indian boarding schools operated across 38 states between 1819 and 1960. On 6 October 1879, the first indigenous children were brought to the Carlisle school. Many of whom were taken from families in the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa and Lakota reservations. Around 7,800 children from more than 140 distinct cultures would attend the school over its nearly 40 year run. Children hauled there by boats and trains, sometimes traveling for days with military escorts. The goal was to get them to unlearn indigenous culture and absorb Euro American culture. Children were often grouped with others who had different religious beliefs and languages, forcing them to to rely on English to communicate. Children removed from their families, their language taken. Their traditional clothing replaced with wool military style uniforms for the boys and high collared Victorian dresses for the girls. They bathed in kerosene. Their family belongings were removed. They couldn't keep jewelry, medicine bags or ceremonial rattles. The boys had their hair cut short and the girls, their hair, their hair was chopped up to a bob. Now, as someone who's not exactly privy to indigenous cultures and practices, I mean they're not a monolith. There's many. But hair cutting is often used as a form of abuse and control. Like we see this across, you know, abusive relationships and unfold the dehumanizing of victims. Like it was something that you see over and over again. But it's even harsher when you understand how important hair is to indigenous people. I was listening to an interview of a survivor and he explained that they only cut their hair when they suffered a great loss, like a parent or grandparent dying. And so cutting off their hair was used to bully the children into think that effectively your parents are dead, you know, you were dead to your parents. They didn't love or want them anymore. They were cut off from that. The children also lost their names to wipe out their tribal identities. Because instead of simply translating a name into English, like zinkosa and yellow bird and wombli, klaska, spotted eagle. They changed to things like Peter, Henry and Susan. They wanted to wipe out every part of their indigenous culture. As a vocational school. On top of the three Rs, the children were taught European trades like bricklaying, carpentry, cobbling and smithing, or at least the boys were. The girls were trained in domestic work like sewing, laundry and cooking. They matched in military precision. And they were forced to play American sports. Like, they even created an American football team to use as propaganda to show like, oh, look at how good that will semel at. But punishments at Carlisle were often corporal punishment. I mean, that was very common for the day. Corporal punishment was the way of it. But you could receive a lashing. Hard labour, dietary restrictions. Boys could be laid over a barrel and beaten with a whip. Children could be put in a box of shame or a box of sin, and they were forced into solitary confinement. Girls as young as eight or nine would huddle into bed together in the hope that they would not get raped in their bed. They would often hold their bladder to prevent themselves from going to the toilet because they were terrified that if they roamed any of the halls at night that they were going to get raped and molested and assaulted. Around 200 children died and were buried on the cemetery on campus. You know what? Actually, there was one school I was reading about where a young boy, he would leave at night and go into the forest on the grounds. Like every night he would climb out and he would just go amongst the stars. When he was caught, they boarded up his window, denying him even moonlight. With the Carlisle School, they really wanted to hammer home the assimilation and so created the outing system so that the indigenous children would stay with white families, out with school terms, so like the summer, thus keeping them away from their homelands and their culture. But it was also a way to use the children as free labour. The Carlisle School was the only off reservation school built in the East. All the rest of them were in the West. Now, this school was in Pennsylvania. And a lot, if not all of the other schools based themselves on the Carlisle model. Richard Henry Pratt, Colonel Richard Henry Pratt set up the Carlisle School on the same principle as a prison. And he is quoted as saying, the only good Indian is a dead one. Both in and out of the schools, the children were subjected to physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Food and medical attention was often used as a form of punishment. So kids got sick a lot. It's also like the way they're designed because they're in dorms. You know, it's a perfect breeding ground for, you know, illness and disease to spread. And so between the abuse and the lack of general care, disease was rife at these schools. Children died of pneumonia, tuberculosis, trachoma, flu, the measles. Parents were rarely informed if their children died at the school. And often their bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. Some would be lucky to have a marked grave, Some would be lucky to have a coffin. There's an assumption that different forms of knowledge are bad or lesser, like the skill of oral storytelling, understanding spiritual practices, fluency in indigenous languages, and then of course, land based knowledge systems. I'm trying to, I'm trying to figure out if I can put this in a modern perspective. It's like demanding people know all of the capital cities of the world, but dismiss them for being able to know the right amount of ingredients to using a cake recipe by eye. Or like, you know, how some people can look at a plant and just know what it is? Like they can look at the sky and understand that the weather is going to change. Like people who know songs and stories and inherited skills and it's all just stripped away. One of the things they would do is they would take photos of the children like as they arrived with the long hair and in their moccasins and other gear. And then they would have a photo of them after they were head shield, little uniform on, and they would use these photos to just like promote just how good assimilation was going. Look, we can do it.
- [38:47]
Cyndi Lauper
Oh.
- [38:47]
Katie Charlwood
And it's all, It's like they're completely ignoring the trauma that they are putting these children through. There's this idea that you're helping when all you're doing is cutting down. And this trauma isn't individual. It's collective. It's community. It's all being attacked. And children at these schools, they were torn down to be rebuilt in the American way. And parents didn't have a choice.
- [39:31]
Julian Edelman
This is Julian Edelman from Games with Names. When it comes to big games, there's a lot of things that people don't see. The preparation, the, the details, all the small things that can make a huge difference. Watching games is no different. The environment around you matters and especially the food. That's why I go with Domino's. Best deal ever. Any pizza, any toppings for $9.99 now, including Parmesan stuffed crust, you could build your lineup any way you want. Toppings are just like free agents. Pepperoni, sausage, jalapenos, and even bacon. That reliable vet that plays well with anyone. Personally, I like to keep it simple. The good old pepperoni pizza. Can't forget about the crust either. Parmesan Stuffed crust hand tossed pan, New York style. Each option really makes the pie your own. With Domino's Best deal ever. You can build the Perfect lineup for $9.99 and during big games, you don't want distractions. That's why I keep it simple with my go to order. It's like the ultimate play. Any pizza, any toppings 9.99 now including Parmesan stuffed crust. Lock in while you're cheering on your favorite team.
- [40:55]
Domino's Pizza Legal Disclaimer
Price is higher for some locations. Excludes excellent specialty pizzas. Select this offer from 615 through 726 online only. Size availability varies by crest, type, max 7 top and 6 from Anna New York style crust. Minimum purchase required for delivery. Prices, participation, delivery area and charges may vary.
- [41:10]
Home Depot Announcer
Right now at the Home Depot you can stock up on storage solutions to fit your needs. Like the Husky Heavy Duty Shelving with weight capacity up to £2,500 per shelf so it can handle all of your garage organization needs, your power tools or your weightlifting set if that's what you're into. Because the right storage system for you should fit what you need it to Right now. Get up to 15% off. Select storage solutions that can handle anything you throw at them, on them or in them at the Home Depot. How doers get more done
- [41:41]
Cyndi Lauper
Join me Cyndi Lauper with Chef Michelle Bernstein and Dr. Panico to talk about psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, the potential connection and risk of developing permanent joint damage.
- [41:55]
Cosentyx Medication Announcer
Cosentic secukinumab is prescribed for adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis 300mg dose and adults with active psoriatic arthritis 150mg dose. Don't use if you're allergic to Cosentyx before starting, get checked for tuberculosis. An increased risk of infections and lowered ability to fight them may occur. Like tuberculosis or other serious bacterial, fungal or viral infections, some are fatal. Tell your doctor if you have an infection or symptoms like fevers, sweats, chills, muscle aches or cough, had a vaccine or planned to, or if inflammatory bowel disease symptoms develop or worsen, serious allergic reactions and severe eczema like skin reactions may occur. Learn more at 1-844-cosentyx or cosentyx.com Cindy
- [42:40]
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- [43:38]
Katie Charlwood
Details@Truehold.com By 1893, the threat of removing food, like starving communities that was on the agenda, like, that was a tool they used. Like the Secretary of the Interior could withhold rations and funding to indigenous people if they did not allow their children to be taken from them. If you do not allow us to take your children from you and raise them in a different culture with a different language and to give them a different way of life, we're gonna starve you. We're gonna make sure you die out one way or the other. These communities were wholly reliant on rations because all the other options were taken. They were all taken from them. The manner of agriculture they did, the way that they hunted, the indigenous hunting practices, because a lot of it was migratory based and because the US government hunted down the food source to ensure that indigenous people would starve. To ensure that the indigenous people were reliant on the federal government, they did this deliberately. They did this so that they could control and abuse children. Some people resisted. They taught their children hide and seek games for when the colonizers came round to steal them, many would hide their kids and men, I think it was the Hopi nation, they were sent to Alcatraz for trying to stop their children being taken by the colonizers. Sometimes the army would come, right? If people were resisting at the schools, children who resisted were bullied and abused. Some children would run away. And like, these are children who are miles upon miles away from home. Like there were native people of Alaska and Hawaii that were in these schools. So they, they took them for as far as they could. They're all over. And when you remember, you have all of these schools in the west and America as a landmass, it's fucking massive, it's huge. And these children are running desperate. There's one story I remember about a group of boys escaping because. Because the way the schools were designed, you know, it sort of creates circular abuse within it. And so there's circular cyclical abuse. And so the children would leave, they'd escape, and they did. And they're quite young, they end up in hot springs. Like they manage to get like they hitch, like they get out. People just like, sure, we'll take you this far. And they come across this one cop who lets them sleep in the jail overnight to protect them because it's cold, because winter is coming, there's snow and like they stay there and then they continue on in the snow. They make it back to their mother's home. So it's like they were one of the few that weren't so far away. So they get there, they get back to their home, back to their mother's house and they're there for a few days, then their auntie shows up who brings them back to the school. Now whether this was we have to take them back because otherwise we're going to be punished or whether this was this is for the betterment of them, they have to go either way, it's not a really good option. But they were brought back to the school and the schools themselves. A bounty was offered when kids ran away. So basically students like got treats or privileges if they ratted out or caught someone who'd run away. Like this creates a divide amongst the children. And sometimes when a child was returned, their face would be smeared with paint and they would have a basically a native cosplay, a mock up, pretend joke version of a Native American, like tribal outfit. It would be thrown upon them. They'd have a sign saying that they tried to run away and then they would be ridiculed, mocked and just bullied. Assimilated. Children were conditioned in the Euro American way. And so when they did return to the reservations, they didn't fit in anymore. They were alienated with cultural barriers, practices they no longer recognized. Language lost and they struggled. They didn't respect the elders the way they should. The connection to their families were severed or broken. Some were so used to the Anglo way of life because for some children they were away from five years old and they didn't return until they were nearly 20. Their childhood, their life was taken and changed. The rug pulled out from under their feet. And yeah, some were so Used to the Anglo way of things, that they wanted to do things that way, they would implement changes and have things done their way. But this obviously was met with pushback from the community. Then. Some were so conditioned that when they returned home, they were disgusted by their own families. How their hair was long and their face wasn't scrubbed clean to high hell. Bemused by cultural practices, what should have been home was now very much the other. But some indigenous children used the Anglo education to their advantage and became activists aimed at helping their people. Many tribes worked to keep languages and practices alive, even though the government was trying to eradicate them. Families maintained cultural identity outside institutions. And oral history, because it could not be erased, played a major role in indigenous cultures surviving. In 1928, the US government reported findings that children were abused, overworked, and underfed. By the 1930s, when Americans learned how children were being treated, most off reservation schools closed down. But the boarding school system didn't end when children returned home. For many, this marked the start of a quieter form of disruption, one that would echo through generations. Trauma wasn't just confined to one person's lifetime, it passed through families and communities. See, primary and secondary socialization set you up. They create the environment and have a massive effect on who you are going to be, how you view the world. Your faith, your belief systems, your culture, all of this, it's all shaped by it. Your primary socialization is your family. Secondary is out. With that, it's your community and it's your school, for most of us, anyway. And these children, they were taken from their community, they were taken from their families, and so much was taken from them. Your language is taken from you. You don't express in the same way. Language isn't just the words you speak. It's like when we say how there's a Japanese word for when your mouth is lonely, you know, you eat because your mouth is lonely. Or schaldenfruit, which is the German word for the feeling you get when you realize, like other people have their own emotions, feelings and stuff like that. There are expressions that exist, there are ways that we communicate, and they all exist through different languages. There are tones and intonations and all of these that come together. It's not just about the words. It's one of those things where it's not just. It's not what you said, it's how you said it, but it's very much so. And so you're not communicating with your people the same way. The parenting patterns are disrupted, as is cultural continuity. The way that you learn things, the way that you do things, you learn by example when you're raised in your family. And if you're shown how to cook, for example, you see the way that, you know, your mother makes. You know what? I'm gonna use my own mum as an example. My mum makes these homemade sausage rolls. Like she mixes all the seasoning for the sausage meat. You know, she like adds stuff to the pastry. And so that's how I make sausage rolls. It's like there are desserts I make the way my gran made them. There are ways that I clean or organize my kitchen. My mum can come into any house I've ever lived in and will know exactly where the tea towels are kept because I keep the tea towels the same place she always kept them. She knows how I organize my cutlery drawer because that's how her cutlery drawer was always organized. You know, there are ways that we learn to do things. There are ways that we learn to live our lives and the environment with our thin. And this is taken. The songs and lullabies we sing. Our children, they're not passed on because they're taken.
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Julian Edelman
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Katie Charlwood
A barrier has been placed between parent and child community. And so school. Remember, at these schools, children were punished for speaking the language. They were removed from traditional models of parenting and kinship. And most, most of all, they were taught to suppress emotion and affection because that's not just the Euro American way, that was the Christian way. For a long time. The only emotions you're allowed to feel are shame and guilt. And a lot of these schools were run by missionaries. As an adult, some survival struggled to express affection in ways that they hadn't been shown. And they were discouraged from traditional child rearing practices. So that wasn't getting passed on either. This created a ripple effect, a chasm with children of survivors growing up in emotionally fragmented environments because of enforced disruption. The loss of language left some families without any fluent speakers at all. And a sense of missing knowledge and cultural distance emerges across generations. So many survivors, they didn't speak about their experiences for decades. Silence was a survival strategy. It's not avoidance. It was just how to make it through. But unspoken trauma shapes family environments. The internalizing leads to emotional distance, and you have difficulty processing things like grief. And the patterns of resilience coexist with unresolved pain. Silence itself becomes part of what is inherited. Not just the trauma alone, but the coping mechanisms that go with it. And many of these children come home with ptsd. So many of them, not only from the environment, but also the abuse. And remember, they will have been told consistently that everything about their indigenous heritage and culture and spiritual practices, everything about that is wrong. That is what they will have been forced to listen to every day. So of course, then after everything they've gone through, there is this huge distrust between these communities and the non native authorities because of everything they did, everything they did to these children's and the community survivors and their families, this trauma leads to what has led to higher rates of depression, Substance abuse, which is a coping mechanism, stress leading to cardiovascular disease, and then the rate of suicide, all is a result of these schools. Thousands of children were taken from their homes and placed into these schools. They suffered, and generations after them suffered. You know, I'm gonna, I'm gonna scroll back a little bit, actually. The thing about missing knowledge and how people feel like part of their heritage, their culture is missing. So many European Americans, they talk about their Scottish heritage or their Irish heritage, very rarely British, for whatever reason, even though that's, you know, if you're from one of the British colonies, chances are. But there's this longing for this connection to your heritage. And you want to know that you're connected to this, this version of Irish culture, Scottish culture, all this stuff that existed, however many years ago. But I mean, our culture has evolved. However, this culture, these cultures, there's, there's hundreds of them. Indigenous people are not a monolith. But for a lot of these cultures, some tribes were completely wiped out. Some had no way to pass on their practices. Their language was lost, their spiritual practices were lost. They didn't get a chance to evolve in the same way to grow and flourish because your federal government cut them off at the root. Now you should be fighting and demanding more investigation, more research funding for research for indigenous people and their lives across your country, because you don't get to grasp at a long lost heritage while denying the people who. You stole nails. Listen, I'm gonna go off and run. I'm not gonna go off and around. I'm gonna stop. I'm gonna stop. But like, there is still a lack of funding and reservations today, but many indigenous people, many communities are fighting and working to reclaim their cultural roles, rebuilding language and younger generations especially, you know, they're reconnecting with traditions and identity. They basically said this, we're a game of soldiers, we're taking it back. If you are a European American, you should be helping with this funding. You should be fighting for it. But like, I don't want to hear any nonsense about, oh, well, my family came over during the famine. Yeah. And the Choctaw nation sent money back to Ireland to help people even though they themselves were struggling and suffering. The boarding school era did not only take children from families, it reshaped how families would relate to each other for generations. And yet within that disruption, memory, language reclamation, and the determination to restore that what was taken persists. Although many indigenous boarding schools closed by the late 20th century, which is like you'd think it would have chilled over the last few years. But in 1900, there were 20,000 children there. 25 years later, there was over 60,000. In the 1970s, survivors increasingly shared these experiences, publicly challenging the propaganda that these schools were benevolent institutions. Their testimony revealed widespread physical punishment, emotional abuse, neglect, forced labour, and systematic suppression of indigenous culture and languages. In recent decades, tribal nations, historians and governments have undertaken efforts to document the full scope of the system as they should. Archival records have identified hundreds of federal schools, while investigators have uncovered evidence of unmarked burial sites at some former school locations. Many tribal nations have also worked to preserve survivor testimonies through oral history projects, ensuring first hand accounts become Part of the historical record. The residential schools are often overlooked in history because they're viewed through a very Eurocentric lens. Like it's viewed as, oh, but we're actually helping them. No, you destroyed the nations. You destroyed them. You didn't help them. You tried to put a square peg in a round hole. And you're surprised that in order to do that, you had to chop at it and whittle it down to make it fit. The forced idea that it being the European way or the Christian way that necessarily makes it better is absolute bollocks. Thousands of children suffered, generations suffered. And some pale and steel males will still pat themselves in the back with a but look, they're civilized now, right? Which is such a horrible way to be. And people are still suffering. It wasn't until, what was it, 1924 that indigenous people were actually considered American citizens, that they were legally American citizens. And it wasn't until 1978, where the Indian Child Welfare act was passed by Congress and President Jimmy Carter that finally gave Native American parents the legal right to refuse their child's placement in a school. Which after years and years of investigations and evidence of all of the years of abuse that was happening in these schools. Yeah. Now, unsurprisingly, this led to a lot of these schools closing in the 80s and 90s. There are very few off reservations boarding schools that still exist. There are still a couple. And a lot of these former schools, the ones that still exist, the Carlisle School, I think, is back being a barracks again. But a lot of these institutions have been taken over by indigenous communities. Now, I know that President Joe Biden did give an official apology from the government to indigenous people, to what happened in this boarding schools. But it's something, and I'm not one to say whether an apology is enough. An apology to me is always the starting point. It is the acknowledgement of the crime, it is the acknowledgement of the abuse. It's the acknowledgment of the trauma that was forced upon the people and the investigations they need to continue because there are still hundreds of missing children. There were hundreds unaccounted for, those who went to the schools and never returned with no information at all regarding the whereabouts. And that needs to be found out. Hundreds of children disappeared in federal establishments and so many families lost their children. Well, their children were stolen and they never found out what happened to them. Communities were fractured, and even the people who did return, they came back fractured. Communities are still suffering as a direct result of what happened in these schools. America was built on the bones of its victims. And so ends my tale on the indigenous boarding schools. Thank you all for listening to Inherited Winds. Because that's what. That's what it is. It's a scar that goes so deep it cuts through generations. It bleeds into the next person. And I know someone will say, you know, scars don't bleed, but that's not the point. It shouldn't. But the act itself, it was designed to cut people off. And what it did is cut through. Now it is bipoc. Bipoc Mental Health Awareness Month. That is black, indigenous and people of color Mental Health Awareness Month. There are lots of great resources and I know mental health care is different in various countries and I have an international audience, but for my American listeners, there is a really good toolkit on mentalhealthamerica.org it's in English and it is in Spanish. I'm going to put the link in the show notes down below. If it's of any use to you, please utilize it. If anyone who is commenting on on the episode, if you have anything to share, if there are resources that you feel will be beneficial to people listening to this episode, please do share. Let's all do a little bit to help each other. And yeah, I'm not going to say like and review because that just feels distasteful. What I am going to do is now move on to recommendation time for watching. I know I've done it before and I know I'll probably do it again, but. North of North. North of North. When's my second season coming? It is. It is one of my favourite shows that I've seen in a long time. Like, it's so. And also it was robbed at like the. Was it the Emmys? What was the one? There was an award show and it lost costume design. How?
- [75:05]
Cyndi Lauper
How?
- [75:05]
Katie Charlwood
It's amazing. It's amazing. Like, how do you not. No, I'm gonna get angry about it, but north of North. Where's my second season? Okay, come on, Netflix, do something. Now I'm gonna go on the opposite end. I've gone from something kind of joyful to a. Something depressing. So the USA was the not only place that had the residential schools, Canada had them too. And it was also vile. And I will be talking about them at another time when I do my Canadian history, but I'm not there yet. So USA this month, worry about the rest later. There is a podcast called Kuyper Island. It's Kuper, it's K U P E R. But I think it's pronounced Keeper because that's how the hosts pronounced it. So I'm sticking to that. It is a. It is a podcast. It is on the Keeper Island Residential school and it is horrific. It is a very good lesson. It's just a very hard lesson. And for reading the Bone Thief by Vanessa Lilly, because I like my murder mysteries, okay. And I make no apologies for it, but that is everything I have to share today. Oh, actually, actually, if you, if you follow people online, follow Show Me youe Mask. They're on TikTok, I think, Instagram and threads. They have what I can only describe as wonderful opinions regarding the orcas and some really good artwork too. So follow them. And with that, yes, I'm gonna bid you adieu. Oh, actually, somebody said adieu means like goodbye forever. And I'm like, listen, I know I'm. It's fine, okay? It's fine. Don't worry about it because I'm also going to say au revoir, adios au revue de zine, my friends. Bye bye.
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