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[00:01]
Commercial Narrator
D kong. In Donkey Kong Bonanza, you could smash through almost anything. Giant watermelon, easy solid rock. Save less. Explore the underground world by smashing to the planet's core as Donkey Kong and Pauline. Hold up. Are you hearing karts?
[00:25]
Trusty (Podcast Host)
All right.
[00:26]
Commercial Narrator
Race against your friends in Mario Kart World. Drive off walls, off the and over dinosaur. Sweet. You can power up your play on Nintendo Switch. Two additional accessories may be required for multiplayer mode, game system and some accessories sold separately. Game join at E to E10.
[00:47]
Trusty (Podcast Host)
Hey smartypants. Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grownup to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast, Apple, so you can try it tonight. Hey there, smarty pants. Welcome back to Smarty Q, the show where smarty pants ask the questions and I, the trusty narrator, answer them. Today we've got questions about broken bones, eye crusties, calluses, and why some things are solids while others are liquids or gases. Oh boy, let's get smarted. Our first question comes from Ben in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, who asks, how do bones heal once they break? Believe it or not, your bones are alive. Not only that, they're constantly repairing themselves, so when one breaks, your body gets to work almost immediately. First, blood rushes to the broken area and forms a clot, kind of like when you get a cut. This helps stop the bleeding and signals that your body repairs are needed. Next, special cells begin building a soft bridge made of collagen, a strong protein and cartilage across the broken pieces. Over the next few weeks, bone building cells replace that soft bridge with brand new bone. Finally, your body reshapes and smooths the new bone until it's almost as strong as it was before the injury. This process is called remodeling, and it can continue for months after the break has healed. That's why doctors often put a cast on a broken bone. It keeps the pieces lined up while your body's amazing construction crew gets to work. Okay, our next question comes from Amelia, one of our who Smarted Podcast campers who asks, why are some things solids, liquids or gases? And why are some things soft and bendy while others are hard and rigid? Well, as you might know, everything around you is made of tiny particles called atoms. How those atoms are arranged and how tightly they hold onto each other determines whether something is a solid, liquid or gas. In a solid, the atoms are packed tightly together and mostly stay in place. That's why rocks and metal keep their shape. In a liquid, the atoms are close together, but they can slide past one another. That's how water pours into a cup. In a gas, the atoms are much farther apart and move around freely, filling whatever space they're in. The way atoms are connected also affects whether something is hard or soft. For example, diamonds are incredibly hard because their carbon atoms are locked together in a super strong pattern. Rubber, on the other hand, is made of long, stretchy molecules that can bend and flex. So whether something is squishy, stiff, bendy or brittle all depends on how its tiny building blocks are put together. Our third question comes from Kyrie and dad Chad in Barbados, who ask, how did gravitational force get here? And how did it get to space? Whoa. Now that's a big question. The interesting thing is gravity didn't travel to space. Gravity is already everywhere. Scientists think gravity has existed ever since the Universe began about 13.8 billion years ago. Anything that has mass, like you, Earth, the moon, or even the sun, creates gravity. The more mass something has, the stronger its gravity. That's why Earth keeps us on the ground. The moon orbits Earth and Earth orbits the sun. Scientists are still trying to understand exactly why gravity exists. But just know that gravity didn't have to get to space. It's one of the fundamental forces that help shape the entire universe. Okay, that's three questions asked and three questions answered. But we've got three more cool questions coming up right after this quick ad break. And a word from our sponsors. Picture it. The kids flying down the water slides, you actually relaxing for once. The whole packed together and nobody checking a phone. That's a day at Great Wolf Lodge. The kind your kids will be talking about all school year. And that's how you become when you stop letting the calendar win. True story. Last time I brought my pack, we closed down that 84 degree indoor water park. And here's what I'm excited about. It's Great Wolf's biggest sale of the year, the 84 degree sale book. August 2nd through the 5th and a suite starts at just $84 a night. $84 gets your whole pack the 84 degree water park, adventure attractions and free daily events from morning yoga to nightly family dance parties. And no two lodges are the same, so there's always something new. Parents, that's your yes, one simple number one easy getaway. No guilt. Don't miss it. Book August 2nd through 5th at greatwolf.com the 84 degree sale only a Great Wolf Lodge always just a short drive away. Restrictions apply. Discounts vary, offer based on two guests per room and may be terminated without notice. See greatwolf.com for full details. Hey smarty pants. Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight. Hey homeschool parents. It's August and somewhere in your house there's probably a stack of new curriculum, a fresh notebook, and a kid who's still on summertime. And you. You're the one who gets to decide how this year goes. That's the homeschool parent. You already are, the one who starts strong. So here's how I'd start ixl. For so many of our writers and producers here at WhoSmarted, IXL has become learning home base, one place with personalized learning matched exactly to where your child is picking right back up where summer left off in math, language arts, and more. From pre K on up, kids get instant explanations and little wins that keep them going, and you get clear reports showing real Progress from day one. Parents, this is your confidence. Over 15 million students use IXL and it's proven to boost achievement in all 50 states. Who Smarted listeners get an exclusive 20% off a membership when you sign up today@ixcel.com smarted. That's IXL.com smarted for your exclusive 20% off. Start the year strong with IXL. And now back to SmartEQ. Our next question comes from Atlas in Windsor, England. Who asks, how and why does crust form in your eyes while you're sleeping? Great question. Those little crusties are actually completely normal all day long. Your eyes make tears to keep them clean and moist. Tears aren't just water. They also contain mucus oils and tiny bits of dust or dead cells that your eyes wash away during the day. Every time you blink, those tears spread across your eyes and drain away through tiny openings in the corners of your eyelids. But when you're asleep, you're not blinking, so some of that mixture dries out and collects in the corners of your eyes, forming the little crust you sometimes wake up with. So those sleepys are actually evidence that your eyes spent the night cleaning and protecting themselves. Our next question comes from Atlas little brother Zeno, also in Windsor, who asks, if turtles didn't have shells, would they go faster? Excellent question, Zeno. The answer is probably a little, but not by much. While a turtle's shell is heavy, it's also part of its skeleton. Its ribs and backbone are actually fused to the shell, so turtles can't simply take it off like a backpack. The shell protects turtles from predators, helps support their bodies, and gives their muscles places to attach. If turtles suddenly didn't have shells, they might weigh a little less, but they'd also lose one of their greatest defenses. In other words, evolution made a little trade off. Less speed for a whole lot more protection. Okay, we've reached our final question, and it's one that will have you checking your hands the next time you play in the playground. You'll find out what it is right after this quick ad break and a word from our sponsors. Hey, Smartypants Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight. Now back to Smarty Q. Our final question comes from Ella B. Who asks I was on vacation recently and swung on the monkey bars every day. My hands became rough and my grandmother told me I was forming calluses. Why does my body do that? Great question, Ella A. Callus is your body's way of building extra armor when the same spot on your skin gets rubbed over and over, like from monkey bars, climbing ropes, playing guitar, or holding a golf club or a tennis racket. Your skin notices, but instead of complaining, it goes, I'd better make this area tougher so your body produces extra layers of skin cells in that spot. Those extra layers make the skin thicker and stronger, helping protect the softer skin underneath from getting blisters or teari. And that is why gymnasts, rock climbers, guitar players, construction workers, and avid monkey bar climbers often have calluses on their hands. And that concludes another episode of SmartYQ. Remember, if you have a cool and curious question bouncing around in your brain, just have a grown up help you. Email me@whosmartedhoosmarted.com and I'll happily add it to my SmartEQ list. Until the next time, keep on smarting, smarty pants. Hey, smarty pants Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland. With over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight.

Summary5 min read

Podcast Summary: Who Smarted? – “SMARTY Q: How do bones heal???”

Date: August 1, 2026
Host: Trusty (Atomic Entertainment / Starglow Media)

Episode Overview

In this interactive Q&A episode of Who Smarted?, the ever-enthusiastic host Trusty answers science questions sent in by kids around the world. With his signature humor and clear, relatable explanations, Trusty tackles curious queries on how bones heal, why some materials are solid, liquid, or gas, how gravity works, what causes eye crusties, the purpose of turtle shells, and why calluses form. This episode is jam-packed with fascinating science facts and encourages kids’ curiosity about their everyday world.

Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. How Do Bones Heal After They Break?

(Starts at 01:10)

Main Idea: Bones are living tissues that can repair themselves almost immediately after breaking.
Process Breakdown:
- Initial Response: Blood rushes to the break and forms a clot—just like with a cut—stopping bleeding and signaling repair is needed.
- Soft Bridge: Special cells create a soft “bridge” (made of collagen and cartilage) connecting the broken pieces.
- Bone Replacement: Bone-building cells then replace the bridge with real bone over a few weeks.
- Remodeling: The new bone is reshaped and smoothed, a process that can continue for months.
- Role of Casts: Doctors use casts to keep bones aligned as the “amazing construction crew” works.
Notable Quote:

"Your bones are alive. Not only that, they're constantly repairing themselves, so when one breaks, your body gets to work almost immediately." – Trusty (01:38)

2. What Makes Something a Solid, Liquid, or Gas?

(Starts at 02:30)

Key Concepts:
- Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms.
- The arrangement and movement of atoms determine if something is a solid, liquid, or gas.
Explanations:
- Solids: Atoms packed tightly and stay in place (e.g., rocks, metals).
- Liquids: Atoms close but can slide around (e.g., water).
- Gases: Atoms spread far apart and move freely (e.g., air).
- Hardness/Bendiness: Depends on how atoms or molecules are connected (e.g., diamonds vs. rubber).
Notable Quote:

"Whether something is squishy, stiff, bendy, or brittle all depends on how its tiny building blocks are put together." – Trusty (03:18)

3. Where Did Gravity Come From?

(Starts at 04:05)

Key Points:
- Gravity didn't “travel” to space—it’s everywhere, always has been.
- Any object with mass (you, Earth, moon, sun) creates gravity.
- Stronger mass = stronger gravity.
- Gravity is one of the universe’s fundamental forces, present since the big bang.
Notable Quote:

"Gravity didn't have to get to space. It's one of the fundamental forces that help shape the entire universe." – Trusty (04:52)

4. Why Does Eye Crust Form Overnight?

(Resumes at 10:16)

Explanation:
- Tears (not just water, but also mucus, oil, dust, dead cells) keep eyes moist and clean.
- Blinking spreads tears and drains away debris during the day.
- At night, closed eyes don’t blink—tears and particles dry and collect in the corners, forming “eye crust” or “sleep.”
Notable Quote:

"Those sleepys are actually evidence that your eyes spent the night cleaning and protecting themselves." – Trusty (10:56)

5. Would Turtles Go Faster Without Shells?

(Starts at 11:26)

Fun Fact:
- Turtle shells are fused with their ribs and backbone—it's part of their skeleton, not just “armor” they could remove.
- Shells offer major protection and a place for muscle attachment; losing them means less defense, not much more speed.
Notable Quote:

"Evolution made a little trade off. Less speed for a whole lot more protection." – Trusty (12:15)

6. Why Do We Get Calluses?

(Resumes at 14:00)

Explanation:
- Repeated friction (monkey bars, musical instruments, sports) signals skin to build up tough extra layers (calluses).
- Calluses protect against blisters and tearing by making skin thicker and stronger in “high-wear” spots.
- Common on hands for anyone who does activities requiring lots of grip.
Notable Quote:

"Your skin notices, but instead of complaining, it goes, I'd better make this area tougher so your body produces extra layers of skin cells in that spot." – Trusty (14:19)

Memorable Moments & Quotes

"Believe it or not, your bones are alive." – Trusty (01:38)
"Gravity didn’t have to get to space. It’s one of the fundamental forces that help shape the entire universe." – Trusty (04:52)
"Whether something is squishy, stiff, bendy, or brittle all depends on how its tiny building blocks are put together." – Trusty (03:18)
"Those sleepys are actually evidence that your eyes spent the night cleaning and protecting themselves." – Trusty (10:56)
"Evolution made a little trade off. Less speed for a whole lot more protection." – Trusty (12:15)
"Your skin notices, but instead of complaining, it goes, I'd better make this area tougher..." – Trusty (14:19)

Timestamps for Important Segments

01:10 – How do bones heal after a break?
02:30 – Solids, liquids, and gases explained
04:05 – Gravity: Where did it come from?
10:16 – Why do eyes make crust overnight?
11:26 – Would turtles go faster without shells?
14:00 – What are calluses and why do we get them?

Recap & Tone

This episode is a lively, accessible science Q&A session, with plenty of fun analogies, memorable explanations, and a warm, encouraging delivery. Trusty’s explanations are clear and upbeat—just the right mix of silly and smart for young listeners. If you're curious about biology, physics, or your own body’s clever tricks, this episode offers a fun learning adventure—no boredom, just wonder!

For More Questions:

As always, Trusty encourages listeners to send in their own curious questions for future episodes, keeping the sense of ongoing adventure and discovery alive.

End of Summary

Loading summary

Transcript4 lines

[00:01]
Commercial Narrator
D kong. In Donkey Kong Bonanza, you could smash through almost anything. Giant watermelon, easy solid rock. Save less. Explore the underground world by smashing to the planet's core as Donkey Kong and Pauline. Hold up. Are you hearing karts?
[00:25]
Trusty (Podcast Host)
All right.
[00:26]
Commercial Narrator
Race against your friends in Mario Kart World. Drive off walls, off the and over dinosaur. Sweet. You can power up your play on Nintendo Switch. Two additional accessories may be required for multiplayer mode, game system and some accessories sold separately. Game join at E to E10.
[00:47]
Trusty (Podcast Host)
Hey smartypants. Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grownup to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast, Apple, so you can try it tonight. Hey there, smarty pants. Welcome back to Smarty Q, the show where smarty pants ask the questions and I, the trusty narrator, answer them. Today we've got questions about broken bones, eye crusties, calluses, and why some things are solids while others are liquids or gases. Oh boy, let's get smarted. Our first question comes from Ben in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, who asks, how do bones heal once they break? Believe it or not, your bones are alive. Not only that, they're constantly repairing themselves, so when one breaks, your body gets to work almost immediately. First, blood rushes to the broken area and forms a clot, kind of like when you get a cut. This helps stop the bleeding and signals that your body repairs are needed. Next, special cells begin building a soft bridge made of collagen, a strong protein and cartilage across the broken pieces. Over the next few weeks, bone building cells replace that soft bridge with brand new bone. Finally, your body reshapes and smooths the new bone until it's almost as strong as it was before the injury. This process is called remodeling, and it can continue for months after the break has healed. That's why doctors often put a cast on a broken bone. It keeps the pieces lined up while your body's amazing construction crew gets to work. Okay, our next question comes from Amelia, one of our who Smarted Podcast campers who asks, why are some things solids, liquids or gases? And why are some things soft and bendy while others are hard and rigid? Well, as you might know, everything around you is made of tiny particles called atoms. How those atoms are arranged and how tightly they hold onto each other determines whether something is a solid, liquid or gas. In a solid, the atoms are packed tightly together and mostly stay in place. That's why rocks and metal keep their shape. In a liquid, the atoms are close together, but they can slide past one another. That's how water pours into a cup. In a gas, the atoms are much farther apart and move around freely, filling whatever space they're in. The way atoms are connected also affects whether something is hard or soft. For example, diamonds are incredibly hard because their carbon atoms are locked together in a super strong pattern. Rubber, on the other hand, is made of long, stretchy molecules that can bend and flex. So whether something is squishy, stiff, bendy or brittle all depends on how its tiny building blocks are put together. Our third question comes from Kyrie and dad Chad in Barbados, who ask, how did gravitational force get here? And how did it get to space? Whoa. Now that's a big question. The interesting thing is gravity didn't travel to space. Gravity is already everywhere. Scientists think gravity has existed ever since the Universe began about 13.8 billion years ago. Anything that has mass, like you, Earth, the moon, or even the sun, creates gravity. The more mass something has, the stronger its gravity. That's why Earth keeps us on the ground. The moon orbits Earth and Earth orbits the sun. Scientists are still trying to understand exactly why gravity exists. But just know that gravity didn't have to get to space. It's one of the fundamental forces that help shape the entire universe. Okay, that's three questions asked and three questions answered. But we've got three more cool questions coming up right after this quick ad break. And a word from our sponsors. Picture it. The kids flying down the water slides, you actually relaxing for once. The whole packed together and nobody checking a phone. That's a day at Great Wolf Lodge. The kind your kids will be talking about all school year. And that's how you become when you stop letting the calendar win. True story. Last time I brought my pack, we closed down that 84 degree indoor water park. And here's what I'm excited about. It's Great Wolf's biggest sale of the year, the 84 degree sale book. August 2nd through the 5th and a suite starts at just $84 a night. $84 gets your whole pack the 84 degree water park, adventure attractions and free daily events from morning yoga to nightly family dance parties. And no two lodges are the same, so there's always something new. Parents, that's your yes, one simple number one easy getaway. No guilt. Don't miss it. Book August 2nd through 5th at greatwolf.com the 84 degree sale only a Great Wolf Lodge always just a short drive away. Restrictions apply. Discounts vary, offer based on two guests per room and may be terminated without notice. See greatwolf.com for full details. Hey smarty pants. Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight. Hey homeschool parents. It's August and somewhere in your house there's probably a stack of new curriculum, a fresh notebook, and a kid who's still on summertime. And you. You're the one who gets to decide how this year goes. That's the homeschool parent. You already are, the one who starts strong. So here's how I'd start ixl. For so many of our writers and producers here at WhoSmarted, IXL has become learning home base, one place with personalized learning matched exactly to where your child is picking right back up where summer left off in math, language arts, and more. From pre K on up, kids get instant explanations and little wins that keep them going, and you get clear reports showing real Progress from day one. Parents, this is your confidence. Over 15 million students use IXL and it's proven to boost achievement in all 50 states. Who Smarted listeners get an exclusive 20% off a membership when you sign up today@ixcel.com smarted. That's IXL.com smarted for your exclusive 20% off. Start the year strong with IXL. And now back to SmartEQ. Our next question comes from Atlas in Windsor, England. Who asks, how and why does crust form in your eyes while you're sleeping? Great question. Those little crusties are actually completely normal all day long. Your eyes make tears to keep them clean and moist. Tears aren't just water. They also contain mucus oils and tiny bits of dust or dead cells that your eyes wash away during the day. Every time you blink, those tears spread across your eyes and drain away through tiny openings in the corners of your eyelids. But when you're asleep, you're not blinking, so some of that mixture dries out and collects in the corners of your eyes, forming the little crust you sometimes wake up with. So those sleepys are actually evidence that your eyes spent the night cleaning and protecting themselves. Our next question comes from Atlas little brother Zeno, also in Windsor, who asks, if turtles didn't have shells, would they go faster? Excellent question, Zeno. The answer is probably a little, but not by much. While a turtle's shell is heavy, it's also part of its skeleton. Its ribs and backbone are actually fused to the shell, so turtles can't simply take it off like a backpack. The shell protects turtles from predators, helps support their bodies, and gives their muscles places to attach. If turtles suddenly didn't have shells, they might weigh a little less, but they'd also lose one of their greatest defenses. In other words, evolution made a little trade off. Less speed for a whole lot more protection. Okay, we've reached our final question, and it's one that will have you checking your hands the next time you play in the playground. You'll find out what it is right after this quick ad break and a word from our sponsors. Hey, Smartypants Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland with over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight. Now back to Smarty Q. Our final question comes from Ella B. Who asks I was on vacation recently and swung on the monkey bars every day. My hands became rough and my grandmother told me I was forming calluses. Why does my body do that? Great question, Ella A. Callus is your body's way of building extra armor when the same spot on your skin gets rubbed over and over, like from monkey bars, climbing ropes, playing guitar, or holding a golf club or a tennis racket. Your skin notices, but instead of complaining, it goes, I'd better make this area tougher so your body produces extra layers of skin cells in that spot. Those extra layers make the skin thicker and stronger, helping protect the softer skin underneath from getting blisters or teari. And that is why gymnasts, rock climbers, guitar players, construction workers, and avid monkey bar climbers often have calluses on their hands. And that concludes another episode of SmartYQ. Remember, if you have a cool and curious question bouncing around in your brain, just have a grown up help you. Email me@whosmartedhoosmarted.com and I'll happily add it to my SmartEQ list. Until the next time, keep on smarting, smarty pants. Hey, smarty pants Trusty here and I want to tell you about something that's going to make bedtime way more fun. Koala Moon. You know how much we love learning cool stuff together. Well, Koala Moon is packed with original bedtime stories and sleep meditations that deliver amazing life lessons just in a way that helps you drift off to Dreamland. With over 700 stories featuring awesome characters like Coco the Koala and the Jupiter Twins, there's always something new to discover. Koalamoon has already helped improve over 50 million bedtimes, and I think it can help yours too. So ask a grown up to search Koala Moon on your favorite podcast app so you can try it tonight.