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- [00:00]
Ryan Reynolds
Ryan Reynolds here from Mint Mobile with a message for everyone paying big wireless way too much. Please, for the love of everything good in this world, stop with Mint. You can get premium wireless for just $15 a month. Of course, if you enjoy overpaying, no judgments. But that's weird. Okay, one judgment anyway. Give it a try@mintmobile.com Switch upfront payment of $45 for 3 month plan equivalent.
- [00:24]
Cassie Zachary
To $15 per month required intro rate first 3 months only, then full price plan options available.
- [00:28]
Ryan Reynolds
Taxes and fees extra. See full terms at Mintmobile.
- [00:32]
Kaley Cuoco
Hey there travelers. Kaley Cuoco here. Sorry to interrupt your music. Great artist BT Dubs, but wouldn't you.
- [00:37]
Ryan Reynolds
Rather be there to hear it live?
- [00:39]
Kaley Cuoco
With Priceline, you can get out of your dreams and into your dream concert. They've got millions of travel deals to get you to that festival, gig, rave, sound bath or sonic experience you've been dreaming of. Download the Priceline app today and you can save up to 60% off hotels and up to 50% off flights. So don't just dream about that trip. Book it with Priceline. Go to your happy price.
- [00:59]
Cassie Zachary
Priceline the History of Fashion is a production of dress media. With over 8 billion people in the world, we all have one thing in common. Every day, we all get dressed.
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Kaley Cuoco
Welcome to Dressed the History of Fashion, a podcast that explores the who, what, when of why we wear. We are friends, fashion historians and your.
- [01:24]
Cassie Zachary
Hosts, Cassie Zachary and April Callahan. Dress listeners today we are so pleased to bring you a little collab, if you will, with one of our favorite history podcasts, History Daily. In lieu of our regular episode, today we are bringing you what we in the industry call a feed swap. And we're going to be airing a couple of our favorite History Daily episodes in hopes of introducing new listeners to their show. And they're doing the same thing for us. So thank you to all at History Daily for this suggestion.
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Kaley Cuoco
Yes, what an excellent idea. We are so excited and one of the reasons that we think you all will enjoy History Daily's content is we share a common belief, as they say, that quote, history is human. History Daily finds the overlooked and often forgotten human stories behind the names and dates of ordinary history, which, as you know, dress listeners, we love to do on our show as well.
- [02:19]
Cassie Zachary
And we also love the fact that they put the Daily and History Daily aired every weekday. Episodes are the perfect length at under 20 minutes each, so so you can start and finish a show nearly anytime you need a little hit of history. There's a broad mix of history from famous battles to fashion first. There's medicine, science, technology, religion, politics, sports, everything that made us who we are today.
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Kaley Cuoco
So without further ado, we bring you two 15 minute episodes on historical figures for whom fashion and dress played somewhat of a defining role in the subjects lives a couple of sassy lady pirates. And then after the sponsor break, you're going to have an episode about Marie Antoinette's husband, King Louis xvi. Happy listening. And dress will be back as regularly scheduled next week.
- [03:18]
Ryan Reynolds
It's November 16, 1720. Spanish Town, the capital of Jamaica bakes under the Caribbean sun. The neatly laid out streets of the British colony are quiet. A lone cart trailing dust clatters past the red brick cathedral in the meager shade of a palm tree, a stray dog dozes. There is only one place in town people want to be. The courthouse. The public gallery there is packed. The heat is intense. The room is a slice of England unhappily transplanted to the tropics. The court commissioners, pink cheeked steam in their heavy robes. Even the wood paneling seems to sweat. The court crier reads a proclamation. Let them come forth and they shall be heard. Then there's a scrape of a lock and a door. Those on the public benches crane their necks. They hear the prisoners before they see them. The familiar clanking, the despairing shuffle of manacled men. Nine of them are brought into the courtroom, all members of a notorious gang of pirates who for months have hounded shipping around the island and across the Caribbean. But there is a hum of disappointment at the sight of them. The pirate captain is there, his long hair scraped back from a wind weathered face. But he is not the person the crowd has come to see. There is something out of the ordinary about this pirate captain's crew. Among the usual muster of robbers and ruffians, and famed and feared above all the others are two young women from Noiser and Airship. I'm Lindsey Graham and this is History Daily. History is made every day on this podcast. Every day, we tell the true stories of the people and events that changed our world. Today is November 16th, the pirate trial of 1720. It's 1717, three years before the gang of pirates are put to trial. A ship from the Carolinas makes its way toward the island of New Providence. As the boat cuts through the turquoise sea, a teenage girl stands on deck and stares at the harbor ahead. Nassau is thronged with ships, their countless masts swaying in the breeze. To the teenager, it looks like a welcome dance. Anne is an Irish girl fleeing an unhappy home and looking for adventure. She's traveling to the Bahamas with an older woman, Mrs. Falworth. The others on board think she is her mother, but that's just a story the two have concocted. Anne would not have been let on the ship unaccompanied, so she invented a mother to come with her. Anne has no use for rules on this ship or anywhere else. Maybe that's why she wanted to come to New Providence in the first place. Britain may claim the island, but the ruins of the fort they built by the harbor in Nassau tell a different story. There is no governor here appointed by the king, no laws laid down by some distant parliament. This is the Republic of Pirates. There have been pirates in the Caribbean for hundreds of years. The countless islands and inlets make perfect hideouts for those preying on trade between the old world and the new. It began with Spanish treasure ships laden with gold. Later, it was tobacco or sugar or even slave ships. The pirates seized the cargo, carried away, sold or ransomed. For a long time, it seemed impossible for the European powers to stop it. Especially when, at times, they encouraged it. War makes strange bedfellows. With a piece of paper from the right government, a letter of marque, a buccaneer could become a privateer. A state sanctioned pirate encouraged to target enemy shipping and take a share of the plunder. But these letters of marque are only as good as the war lasts. And wars, of course, come to an end. The War of Spanish Succession in the early 18th century drew hundreds of privateers to the Caribbean. And when the war ended in 1714, those men lost their letters of marque. But that did not change their ways. The privateers became pirates, and many of them sailed for Nassau. When young Annie arrives in the port from the Carolinas in 1717, she throws herself into the pirate life in all its thrilling rule breaking excess. Among the thousand buccaneers on the island is a man named James Bonney. Anne is quickly taken with him, and soon the young couple marry. But this golden age of pirates is fading. Nassau is alive with rumors that London has dispatched a fleet to crush the pirates and their republic. In July 1718, those fears are realized. Late one night, the British fleet arrives offshore. On its flagship is the newly appointed governor of the Bahamas. Woodes Rogers promises a king's pardon to every pirate who surrenders to him. To those who do not, he promises death. To Anne Bonney's disgust, her husband James, submits. Worse, he turns informer from the new regime, betraying those he once sailed with. But not every pirate in the Republic gives up the old ways. It's the only life John Rackham knows. Some call him Calico Jack on account of the coarsely woven jackets he wears. But whatever name he goes by, he is a bold and canny pirate. On the night Woodes Rogers arrives at Nassau, Calico Jack escapes on the only ship that eludes the new governor's grasp. Then John seizes a boat of his own, only to lose it when he is betrayed to the authorities. But Rackham escapes again, and by May 1719, he is back at Nassau. He tricks his way into the governor's good graces and hopes to secure a letter of marque for himself. Britain is at war once again with Spain and pirates are getting to work as privateers for the British and are encouraged to target Spanish ships in the Caribbean. First, though Rackham wants to enjoy himself, Nassau is not what it once was. Governor Rogers is cracking down on the debauchery that made it famous. But there are still plenty of ways for a man to spread spend some money. And while Rackham is in port that summer trying to find entertainment, he meets an unhappy young woman named Anne Bonny. The dashing buccaneer is just what Anne is after. And soon the two begin a torrid affair. But then terrible news comes from Europe. Peace has broken out between Britain and Spain. There will be no letters of marque for pirates in the Caribbean. Rackham's hopes of becoming a privateer vanished. Worse still, Anne's husband learns of her affair. She faces prison and a lash for her infidelity. Rackham cannot bear life ashore and Anne cannot bear life with her husband. The couple know what they have to do. Together they will escape Nassau and take to the seas as pirates. All they need first is a ship. It's the evening of August 22, 1720. John Rackham and Anne Bonney are about to take the first steps on a path that would lead to their trial in Spanish Town. In just a few months time, rain falls on Nassau harbor. Just a few drops. At first, barely enough to disturb the glass smooth waters. But then, with sudden ferocity, the skies open up. It's just what John and Ann need. They rush down to the beach, find an empty rowboat and shove it out onto the water. There are 13 others with them, kindred spirits who have grown tired of life ashore. They pull on the oars, silent and slow. Offshore at anchor is a 40 foot sloop, the William, armed with six guns. It's one of the fastest ships in the Caribbean. John, Anne and their band of followers are planning to steal it. The pirates in their rowboat still Their oars letting their momentum carry them the last few feet, and in an instant they are up and over the sloop side. The deck is slick with rain, but they move quickly now. Ann takes the lead, hurrying towards the cabin at the stern. She wonders if the two men on guard will recognize. It had been Anne's job to find out who kept watch over the ship and when. The last time these guards saw her was when she snuck on board the previous night, giggling in her skirts as the men spilled everything she needed to know. Now she wears long trousers and a jacket, her hair bound up in a handkerchief. In one hand she has a pistol and in the other, a cutlass. Seeing her, the two stunned guards quickly surrender. John Rackham and the others quickly take over the ship. In moments, they are underway. As the lights of the port disappear behind them and darkness swallows them up. The pirates raise the sails at daybreak. The theft of the William is quickly discovered. The furious governor Woodes Rogers sends out another sloop to chase Rackham and Bonnie down. But the pirates have a head start in the whole Caribbean to hide in. Word of their daring spreads quickly through the ports and taverns, and nothing fans the rumors and outrage more than the presence on board the stolen ship of not one but two women. Anne Bonney is not alone among the men on John Rackham's crew. With her is an Englishwoman, Mary Read. She is older than Anne and has lived among pirates for several years. For years to come, stories will be told of this pair. Some will say they disguised themselves as men, though nobody at the time seemed fooled. Others will claim they fought duels over the pirates they loved, while still others believe the two women became lovers themselves. Truth and myth will mingle until it is almost impossible to tell one from the other. Their crimes, however, are real enough. The crew of the William pass the autumn of 1720, stealing anything and everything in their path. They rob fishing boats and canoes. They seize the cargo of merchant sloops and schooners. The governors of the Caribbean are furious. A proclamation is published in newspapers from the Bahamas to Boston. John Rackham, Anne Bonney, Mary Reed, and all the others are pirates and enemies of the Crown. It's October 1720. Two months after the theft of the William, and Captain Jonathan Barnett sets off on a trading voyage with two ships from Port Royal in Jamaica. Barnett is an experienced sailor. He has heard all about Calico, Jack, Anne, Bonnie and Mary Read. His ships are well manned and well armed. More than a match, he thinks, for the William should they meet. Barnett is bound for the south keys of Cuba. But as his ships round the western tip of Jamaica, they spot a sloop anchored offshore. Daylight is fading still. Barnett decides to take a closer look. Those on board the William have spent the day drinking and do not spot the approaching ships until it is too late. Desperately, Rackham and his drunk crew try to weigh anchor to escape once more into the deepening night. But Captain Barnett closes in fast. He raises the British colors and, hailing the William, orders them to surrender. He's met with a volley of insults and a barrage of gunfire. Barnett responds with a full broadside of his own. It shears through William's rigging and soon the pirate sloop is boxed in. With dozens of guns now trained on them, Calico Jack and his crew have no choice but to surrender. The adventures of the pirates will come to an end at Davis Cove on the northwest coast of Jamaica. There they will be turned over to an officer from the militia and and escorted to Spanish Town in chains. It's November 16, 1720, and the trial of John Rackham and his crew is in full swing. The defendants plead not guilty, but they offer no defense for their actions, and their fate is never really in doubt. It doesn't take long for the judge, the Governor of Jamaica, Sir Nicholas Lawes, to make his decision. The pirates are sentenced to death. Two days later, Rackham is hanged at Gallows Point in Port Royal. His body is then taken out to the harbor and strung up for all to see as a warning, a promise that this is what the British will do to pirates. Most everyone expects Anne Bonny and Mary Reed to join Calico Jack. But the two women are tried separately, perhaps on account of their sex. They must wait a little longer for their turn in court. Then finally, on November 28, they are brought before the judge. Sure enough, they too are found guilty and sentenced to death. But Ann and Mary will not share the grim fate of their fellow crew. They are saved because both women are pregnant. The law does not punish an unborn child for the sins of the mother. Instead, the two women are sent to jail. There, in April 1721, Mary read contracts a fever in childbirth and dies. But the fate of Anne is a mystery. There is no record of her giving birth, no record of an execution, and no record of her release. She simply vanishes from history. In some respects, the trial marks the end of the golden age of piracy. But in others, they are just the beginning of the story. Three and a half years later, in 1724, a book will be published in London. A General History of Pirates will become a bestseller. Its blend of fact and fiction, making romantic heroes out of violent criminals, an image of pirates that will persist for centuries. And on the book's cover listed above, Blackbeard, Captain Vane, and even Calico Jack himself will be the two pirates who made history and became legends. Anne Bonney and Mary Reed from Noiser and Airship. This is History Daily Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Molly Bock Sound design by Derek Barrons Music by Lindsey Graham this episode is written and researched by William Simpson. Executive producers are Steven Walters for Airship and Pascal Hughes for Noisemith.
- [18:21]
Cassie Zachary
Dress Listeners it goes without saying that a lot of our shopping errands are made a lot easier these days by shopping online. So why aren't you using Rakuten? Rakuten is the smartest way to save money when you shop.
- [18:33]
Kaley Cuoco
That's right, you can earn cash back when you shop at 3,500 stores for fashion, beauty, electronics, home essentials, travel, dining, concert tickets and more. How does it work, you ask? Brands pay Rakuten for sending them shoppers, and this is passed along to you as cash back.
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Cassie Zachary
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Kaley Cuoco
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- [20:04]
Ryan Reynolds
It's July 14, 1789, in France. A young man rushes through the back streets of Paris. It's early morning, but it feels as if the city has barely slept. There's an edge to the summer air, a quiver of anger and violence in the breeze, so much so that the young man can almost taste it, and it's exhilarating. As he emerges onto a wider avenue, a crowd of protesters surges past down the street. There Are ordinary people just like him, Tradesmen and shopkeepers, cooks and butchers. Some are armed, carrying swords or clubs, others with muskets. Drummers thump out the beat of a song as the marchers call on the people of Paris to join them, to rise up to fight for liberty. Eagerly, the young man falls in with the marchers and their song. He's joined by throngs of people who pour out of every side street and building. There is no commander, no explicit orders are given, but everyone in the crowd knows where they are going. Ahead of them, looming over the district, is the Bastille. Bastille. This medieval prison has stood in Paris for centuries, a symbol of the authority of the all powerful French king. But the young man and the other revolutionaries in the crowd have come to tear that symbol down, to send a message to the king and the rest of the country. Change is coming in France. By the end of the day, this crowd will break down the gates, seize control of the Bastille and parade the decapitated head of the prison governor, the through the streets. This event, known as the storming of the Bastille, signals the beginning of the French Revolution. But what starts on the streets of Paris will end three and a half years later, on January 21, 1793, with the fall of the French monarchy and the execution of King Louis xvi. From Noser an airship, I'm Lindsey Graham and this is history. Daily history is made every day on this podcast. Every day we tell the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world. Today is January 21st, the execution of Louis XVI. It's May 5th, 1789, four years before Louis XVI's execution at the spectacular royal palace in Versailles just outside Paris. The king has called a general assembly of various leaders in France. Clergymen, nobility, even commoners. Hundreds of delegates from all over the country have journeyed to Versailles for this extremely rare meeting. The last time a French king called an assembly like this was 175 years ago. But these are desperate times for Louis XVI. As a young boy, Louis had little expectation of becoming king. His grandfather was the King of France. His father was the heir to the crown. But Louis had an older brother who was next in line after that. But a series of tragedies changed Louis fortunes. After his older brother and father both died of tuberculosis, Louis suddenly found himself next in line to the throne. And when Louis's grandfather died in 1774, the shy and quiet 19 year old became king of France. At the time, the country was an absolute monarchy with the king Wielding supreme power. But Louis XVI came to the throne at a perilous moment. France was deeply in debt and resentment towards the monarchy was on the rise. The precarious situation would have challenged even the most brilliant of leaders. And Louis is intelligent but indecisive, eager to be loved by the people, but lacking the ability to charm or persuade. By 1789, the king has alienated most of the country. Armed protests are rampant and the financial woes that have gripped the French government have grown unsustainable. In a bid to pass desperately needed financial reforms and bring the country together, Louis called this rare meeting of delegates from the cross section of French society, the clergy, nobility and commoners. In an elaborate barrel vaulted hall built specially for the occasion, the General assembly watches as Louis XVI and his family enter the chamber dressed in magnificent robes studded with diamonds and gold. From beneath a majestic canopy, Louis addresses the delegates. He calls himself a peaceful king and the people's greatest friend, but he doesn't act like it. Without hearing their input, he urges the assembly to acquiesce to his demand for new taxes. But the delegates, especially those representing the common people of France, want nothing of it. The assembly soon descends into bickering and shouting. The clergy and nobility will block any concessions to the commoners, and the King makes no Progress. So on June 17, 1789, the delegates elected to represent the commoners abandoned the Assembly. Sick of being sidelined and tired of paying taxes without any say in government, these commoners announced that they are forming a new assembly, a National assembly, and claiming supreme power in France for themselves. One month later, on July 14, 1789, there is chaos in the streets of Paris. The protests began two days ago, in the immediate aftermath of the failed General Assembly. Louis XVI submitted to the commoner's demands and recognized the new National Assembly. But then he changed his tune. Under the influence of his wife Marie Antoinette and his more conservative advisors, he removed his finance minister, who was seen as sympathetic to the people's demands. Soon, rumors began to swirl that the King was mobilizing foreign mercenaries to crush the commoners rebellion against his rule. In response, the people of Paris formed malicious and scrambled to arm themselves. They found plenty of guns, but little of the gunpowder they need to fire them. Soon word gets around that there are 250 barrels of gunpowder being held at the Bastille. So on the morning of July 14, a mob of revolutionaries gather outside the ancient prison. The 100 troops guarding the Bastille are severely outnumbered. The mob sends in representatives who demand the prisoner's Governor release the barrels of gunpowder and any other weapons they might have. But as negotiations continue, the mob grows impatient. They break into an outer courtyard of the prison, and in the confusion that follows, gunshots ring out. A chaotic battle ensues. The walls of the Bastille are high and thick, but the prison governor knows he doesn't have the men or supplies to hold out long. When the mob commandeers two artillery guns and threatens to blow the gates down, the governor's surrenders. The mob floods into the Bastille. They secure the gunpowder, but more importantly, they achieve a symbolic victory. By taking this ancient fortification, they have shown all of France that the days of royal authority in Paris are over. The next morning, at his palace in Versailles, Louis XVI will learn of the violent storming of the Bastille. The king will ask an advisor, is it a revolt? And his advisor will reply, no, Sire, it's not a revolt. It's a revolution. It's nearly midnight on June 20, 1791, 18 months before the execution of Louis XVI. On the banks of the River Seine in Paris, a man hurries furtively through the corridors of a royal palace. Wearing a plain coat and hat, he looks out of place in such a grand residence. But this man is no stranger to the palace, and he knows exactly where he's going. Rushing down a flight of stairs and through an unlocked doorway, he heads out into the warm summer night. In the courtyard, a carriage waits. The man clamors in and pulls off his hat. It's the King of France, Louis xvi. Disguised as a humble servant, he's sneaking away under the COVID of darkness to flee Paris. Since the storming of the Bastille two years earlier, the king's authority has slipped away. Louis and his family have been effectively held prisoner in a royal palace in the center of Paris. But the king believes the people outside the capital still support him. If he can get out of the city, he is sure he can rally them to his cause. Waiting in the carriage is the Queen Marie Antoinette and their children, also in disguise. Soon they depart the palace, and as the carriage rattles through the deserted streets of Paris and heads out into the countryside, Louis prays his plan will succeed. Louis wants to join friendly forces loyal to him, positioned over 200 miles away near the border with the Netherlands. And after driving through the night and all the following day, Louis carriage finally approaches the town of Varennes, just 30 miles from the safety of their rendezvous. Exhausted from the journey, Louis and his family are fast asleep when suddenly, the carriage jolts. Louis's eyes Dart open, and a voice outside cries to stop. The king peers out to find a gun barrel thrust in his face. The carriage is surrounded. A postmaster from the last town where they stopped recognized the king and his family and rode ahead to Varennes to raise the alarm. Soon, revolutionary guards arrive to take the despondent king and his family back to Paris. Louis's failed escape destroys what remains of his credibility, and it hardens people's opinion against the monarchy. In the wake of his return to Paris, Louis realizes that he has only one hope left of crushing the rebellion and restoring his former glory. An invasion by a foreign power. It's August 10, 1792, more than a year since Louis XVI tried to flee Paris. In the royal residence in the heart of the city, Louis XVI is a prisoner in his own home. Suspicious revolutionary guards watch his every move. Even if he could, the miserable king wouldn't dare venture beyond the palace gardens. From the windows of his apartment, Louis watches as Paris grows more hostile to him with each passing day. The king accepted a new French constitution last September. It left the monarchy in place, but it gave the power to govern to the elected National Assembly. The king, now little more than a figurehead, feigned support from the new government. But secretly and with his wife's encouragement, he plotted to undermine it. He encouraged the assembly to declare war on Austria, hoping a disastrous defeat for France would topple the new government and return him to power. Louis had plenty of support for his plan, mainly from the other kings and queens of Europe, who feared popular dissent might spread to their own territories. Hoping to strengthen Louis position in France, the commander of the Austrian forces declared to his new French enemies that if any harm befell the king or his family, he would raze Paris to the ground. But the threat backfired. It enraged the people of Paris. Many of them came to believe the king was conspiring with the Austrians against France. And so they took to the streets in protest. And today, on August 10, 1792, from the windows of the palace, Louis watches as a mob gathers outside his gates. His residence is defended by more than 3,000 mercenaries and government troops. But at the sight of the angry crowd, the king's nerves fray. Before the first shot is fired, Louis and his family abandon the palace and seek refuge elsewhere in the city. When the troops guarding the king realize he's run away, their discipline crumbles. The mob presses forward and overpowers them. Hundreds will die in the melee. Louis XVI survives, but his reign as a figurehead is now over. Backed by the Paris mob, a New, even more extreme revolutionary government will seize power in France. And soon they will declare the country a republic and put Louis XVI on trial for treason. It's January 21st, 1793. Thousands of armed men line the pavement as a military procession makes its way through the streets of Paris. At the front, drummers march and wrap their instruments in time, and behind them, a troop of cavalrymen flank a carriage as it rattles over the cobblestone streets. Inside sits a priest, several armed guards, and Louis xvi, the deposed king. Louis recites psalms from a prayer book, but his thoughts are consumed by the fate that awaits him at the end of this carriage ride. Four days ago, the country's new parliament convicted Louis of treason and sentenced him to death. Today, the king's carriage makes the long journey from the fortress where he was held prisoner to the grand Square, where he will die. At Place de la Revolution or Revolution Square, 3 guards usher Louis out of the carriage. They start to undress him, but Louis resists. He insists on removing his coat and necktie himself once he's finished. The guards lead Louis through the crowd of soldiers to the center of the square, where a wooden scaffold awaits. Louis climbs the steps to the top. He looks over the square at the massed ranks of soldiers. Their guns and bayonets glint in the morning light, transforming the square into a shimmering field of metal. Louis appeals to the crowd, saying loudly, I die innocent of all crimes laid to my charge. I pardon those who have occasioned my death. And I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France. But few beyond those nearest to the king hear the words. The crowd is impatient and jeering as the executioners grab hold of Louis and manhandle him onto the guillotine's bench. They thrust him, head for burst into position and lock his neck into place. Louis hears a scaffold creak as the men move away. He stares down and sees a basket below waiting for his head. The king closes his eyes and tries to control the surge of panic that grips him. Then the crowd falls silent. There's a flash of dropping metal and a spurt of blood as the king's head drops heavily into the basket. Louis XVI is dead, but the king won't be the last to die on the guillotine in the French Revolution. Nine months later, his wife, Marie Antoinette, will also be publicly executed. And soon the revolution will turn on itself, descending into factional, chaotic violence. By the end of the discord, a decade later, thousands of people will have shared Louis XVI's fate. In the century that follows, the country will be ruled again by kings and then by presidents and emperors. Eventually, however, it will re emerge once more as a republic. The ideals of the revolution are stained with blood, but they endure. And the age of the absolute monarch, which came to an end on January 21, 1793, with the execution of King Louis XVI, will never return. Next on History Daily January 24, 1536. King Henry VIII is badly injured in a jousting accident, turning the once athletic and wise king into a paranoid, overweight tyrant. From Noser and Ayerschiff, this is History Daily. Hosted, edited and executive produced by me, Lindsey Graham Audio editing by Molly Bach Music and sound design by Lindsey Graham. This episode is written and researched by William Simpson. Executive producers are Steven Walters for Airship, Pascal Hughes for Noiser.