Professor Helen Rush (4:32)

Professor JOHN all over Italy when the news breaks, smashing out Fascist symbols as a kind of overturning moment of liberation. Fascist not seen on the streets. It's an incredible moment. Of course, it's a bit premature because the war will go on for another two years.

Professor Nicholas (4:51)

On the streets, a chant goes up. Benito e finito. As Mussolini is being driven away, he is oblivious to the opening move of Berdoglio's new government. It is formally abolishing the Italian Fascist Party. Within 48 hours of Mussolini's arrest, the movement he founded is no more.

Professor Julia Albanesi (5:16)

Professor Helen Rush Suddenly, as soon as people think that he's gone for good, they're tearing down Fasky's emblems, they're ripping off their PNF badges and stamping them underfoot. They're threatening people who are still wearing the party badge that they'll stuff it down their throat. It's amazing how within such a short space of time you can go from this absolute worship to just throwing him under the bus.

Professor Nicholas (5:52)

Aged 71, Badoglio seems a reasonable pick as the new leader. A career soldier, an esteemed general loyal to the crown, a man who fell out with Mussolini over the disastrous invasion of Greece. But his CV comes with ugly stains. Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (6:14)

Well, I think that we should give him his full title, the Duke of Addis Baba, which is what he got for conquering Ethiopia. He was, along with Graziani, the biggest of the butchers. They used terror, concentration camps, genocide, gassings. Really is truly amazing. Actually. Berdoglio is never tried as a war criminal for his crimes in either Libya or Ethiopia because, you know, he's suddenly one of our boys and so spends the rest of his life in contented retreat.

Professor Nicholas (6:49)

Away in Germany, news of Mussolini's overthrow rocks Hitler. He also wonders what might happen if the German people or the generals turn against him. Eight German divisions are already in Italy under Field Marshal Kesselring. He will accelerate the flood of troops as Hitler grapples with the collapse of the Russian front, Italy will become an unwelcome drain on resources. So where the hell is Mussolini? For the moment, no one knows. There is good reason for the secrecy. Il Duce is now a valuable bargaining chip to the Allies. He can be leveraged proof that Italy has turned a new leaf. Though we are far from that scenario yet. Sowing further confusion, Badoglio addresses the nation. The war goes on and Italy remains faithful to its word. He pledges for the moment to keep fighting alongside Germany. Whatever the outcome, Mussolini has a big prize. There are plenty of angry Italians too who'd like to get their hands on him. And it's anyone's guess what the Germans might be plotting. Dr. Lisa Pine Hitler said, Mussolini, my.

Hugh Bonneville (8:14)

Friend and our loyal comrade in arms was betrayed yesterday by his king and arrested by his own countrymen. I cannot and will not leave Italy's greatest son in the lurch. He went on to say that Italy, under a new government, would desert Germany and he would keep faith with his old ally and his dear friend. And that he didn't want him to be handed over to the Allies.

Professor Nicholas (8:41)

Straight from his arrest, Mussolini is taken to a carabinieri barracks. The next day he's put in a car with blacked out windows and driven down the coast to Gaeta. There he's put aboard a naval corvette and taken out to sea. Plans change by the minute. The prison island of Venturteni is approached, then bypassed. They head instead for Ponsa, 70 miles off Naples. Mussolini puts ashore on July 29, his 60th birthday. But the downside of having developed a cult of personality is that is that everyone knows who you are. Word is already out. After a week, Mussolini is relocated. It's a perilous passage across the Tyrrhenian Sea. The allied navies are out in force, but the ship docks at another island, La Maddalena, off the coast of Sardinia. In this rocky outpost, Mussolini fancies himself a Napoleon. First an elba, now a St. Helena. He's put up in a comfortable villa overlooking the sea. There he has wild nightmares and they concern a giant ape. Before the war, Mussolini had been captivated by the film King Kong. He has visions now of being captured by the Americans and exhibited in a cage at Madison Square Garden. As ever, nothing in Italy stays secret for very long. His cover is blown again. Three weeks later, he's put aboard a Red Cross seaplane. The order has come to stash Mussolini somewhere completely inaccessible. The top of a mountain.

Narrator (10:38)

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Professor Nicholas (11:37)

From Sicily, Anglo American forces cross the Straits of Messina to the mainland. They land on September 3rd. The fighting becomes more and more intense. The Germans are waiting for them during the coastal assault on Salerno. But three weeks later, the Allies take Naples. On September 8, 1943, at the Palazzo Venezia, Bardolio calls a cabinet meeting. He announces what has been expected for six weeks, a decision delayed due to the foot dragging of the King. He has sought an armistice. Italy is out of the war.

Professor Helen Rush (12:20)

It's an amazing moment and it's very important for the Second World War because one of the key allies of Germany leaves. I mean, overnight kind of exits. And it changes the whole balance of world history.

Professor Nicholas (12:34)

Italy has not yet determined its path. This is the home of Machiavelli. After all, they've long survived by playing the great powers off against each other. Unfortunately, the result is chaos.

Professor Joshua (12:49)

Professor Joshua with the Grand Council of Fascism, this is really a vote of the higher ups to save their own skins, to try to maneuver out of the war in such a way that they can maintain their own position by jettisoning him. And then the King makes much the same calculus that Italy can be steered out of the war without having to capitulate to the Allies. They seem to think that the Germans will just go home. And all of this proves disastrously wrong.

Professor Nicholas (13:25)

In his bunker in East Prussia, Hitler summons his commanders. Two military missions are set in motion. The first, Operation Axis, initiates the full German military occupation of Italy. And the second, Operation Oak. Well, it's all CLOAK and Dagger it's September 12, 1943, just after 2pm we're high in the Apennines, the range of mountains that runs down the spine of Italy. The Gran Sasso, literally great rock, is a huge jagged hump rising to 10,000ft, two hours north of Rome. It's close enough for the capitals well heeled to enjoy a little skiing. At least they did so before the war. Atop the Gran Sasso sits a resort hotel, now empty, the Campo Imperatore. The construction of the complex is incomplete. The architect designed a trio of buildings in the shape of three letters. D vx, Latin for Duce, a name to be visible from the heavens. But only the D was finished, and in it today sits Benito Mussolini. Duce in the D of ducks. The hotel seems the perfect place to keep him now remote, accessible only by a funicular railway protected by armed guards. As the hotel's only guest, Mussolini is given the best suite in the house, waited on as if he'd never been overthrown. From his armchair, he looks out, contemplating the spectacular view, when suddenly, out of nowhere, an aircraft sweeps down its wingtips. Skimming mere feet from the glass, it's silent. A glider. It skids across the grassy slope, coming to an abrupt stop. On its wings are black crosses, on its tail a swastika. And out of its hold, poor German paratroopers. They clamber up the scree, machine guns at the ready. They've even brought a film crew with them. Their lead man waves at Mussolini, telling him to get back with the defending carabinieri. Putting their hands up, the paratroopers burst into the hotel. A minute later, standing before Mussolini is an officer, 6ft 4, square jawed and with a dueling scar running down his cheek. He introduces himself as Lieutenant Colonel Otto Skuzeni. And he has come, he says, on the direct orders of Adolf Hitler. He is here to set Il Duce free.

Hugh Bonneville (16:29)

Duce, the Fuhrer has sent me as a token of his loyal friendship. To which Mussolini replied, I knew that my friend Adolf Hitler would not have abandoned me.

Professor Nicholas (16:42)

Outside, a small single engined aircraft bumps along to land near the glider. It keeps its engine running as it turns back into the wind. The hotel staff line up to bid Mussolini farewell. His guards even pose for photos with their attackers. In Germany, the Gran Sasso raid will be presented in newsreels as a daring commando operation. A high octane action thriller, it is in fact entirely stage managed.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (17:17)

It's one of the great set pieces of dramaturgy in World War II is not actually led by Colonel Skorzeny. There's another one in charge. But Skorzeny takes the credit because he's such a kind of Gothic figure, with his dueling scars and so forth. And later, actually, paradoxically, in the 1950s, finds a renaissance employed by Israel's Mossad, which is an unusual, should we say, career move for an SS Kamel.

Professor Nicholas (17:51)

The pilot gestures frantically, they must go. He also insists there's only room for one passenger. But Skorzeny has promised to deliver Mussolini personally. He's coming along for the ride. The pilot opens the throttle. The run up is ridiculously short. Engines straining, the plane plunges over the edge. The pilot heaves back on the stick, but with skill he brings the nose up into the Apennine sky. Mussolini is spirited away. The next day, after an overnight in Vienna, Mussolini is reunited with his family in Munich. Then he's airborne again, winging his way to Rastenburg, East Prussia, with a big bromantic reunion with the Fuhrer. On September 14, 1943, his Junkers 52 comes in low over the thick pine forest, save for the chunk carved out of it. For Hitler's Wolf's Lair hq, it seems to stretch on forever. As Mussolini comes down the steps, an excited Hitler is waiting for him, dressed in a long leather trench coat. Though it's hard not to betray his dismay.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (19:19)

Hitler's truly shocked by Mussolini's appearance. He's so haggard, he's so awful.

Professor Nicholas (19:26)

In the morning sunshine, they hug. But once settled in the bunker, Hitler gets down to business. He urges Mussolini to take revenge on the Bedoglio regime as soon and as painfully as possible, and especially on those cowards of the Grand Council who voted him out of office. Mussolini has a confession. He's not sure he's got the stomach for this anymore. Hitler admonishes him, what is this sort of fascism that melts with the snow before the sun? He's got a plan, he says, and it must be put into immediate effect. He will reinstall Mussolini. Fascism will live on. And if he doesn't go along with it? Asks Mussolini. Hitler tells him that he will have to treat Italy like any occupied territory. It will not be pleasant. Mussolini is flown back to munich. There, on September 18, he takes to the radio Blackshirts, Italian men and women. After a long silence, my voice comes to you once again, and I'm certain you recognize it. Badoglio's government is illegitimate, he continues. The king acted unlawfully. He proclaims instead the establishment of an Italian Social Republic.

Professor Joshua (20:59)

So the Italian Social Republic is declared. It presents itself as the fullest realization of the Fascist vision that for the past 20 years, Mussolini had had to compromise with the King, with the establishment. And now, by declaring a republic, Fascism was liberating itself from those constraints that finally the Fascist revolution would be completed.

Professor Nicholas (21:27)

The news of Mussolini's return, plus the German troop surge, will have an immediate effect.

Professor Helen Rush (21:37)

The King, in the meantime, has fled Rome, abandoning Rome to Hitler, basically which another terrible betrayal of the Italian people. He's pissed off to the south, leaving the capital city basically undefended. There's a bit of resistance, but not much.

Professor Nicholas (21:53)

Hitler's Field Marshal Kesselring takes Rome in two days. In its aftermath, 650,000 Italian soldiers will become POWs from exile in Malta. On October 13, Badoglio formally declares that Italy will now take up arms with the Allies against the Axis.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (22:15)

And they changed sides, which is very complex, of course, the Italian armed services, some of whom choose to fight for the Germans. But Italy changes sides in the middle of World War II.

Professor Nicholas (22:33)

Eleven days after his rescue, Mussolini is back in his new republic's capital, not Rome as he hoped, but Salo, a small town in Lombardy in the north of Italy, tucked away on the shores of Lake Garda. To claim that Mussolini is now in charge of a new independent Italy is to vastly overstate the case. His domain will amount only to the bits that the Germans let him control, nominally everything north of Rome, though that will start to contract as the Allies advance. Mussolini declares boldly, I am not here to renounce even a square metre of state territory where the Italian flag flew. The Italian flag will return, but that too is a fantasy. Parts of the northeast have already given over to direct Wehrmacht military command. Italy's Balkan and Greek territories are also signed over.

Hugh Bonneville (23:34)

Really, this sallow republic, or the Italian Social Republic, was effectively a puppet state of Nazi Germany. This relationship between Mussolini and Hitler has turned completely on its head. And now Mussolini's entirely dependent on Hitler, not only for having rescued him, but also for him to continue in Italy.

Professor Nicholas (23:58)

The Republic may have nominal offices in Verona, but. But Mussolini is effectively working from home. From the Villa Feltrinelli in the lakeside village of Garnano. He will spend his time here under virtual house arrest, the SS monitoring his every move, every phone call, albeit in a luxury residence set amid the pine trees with exquisite views over the lake.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (24:27)

He is basically a prisoner of the Germans, a very pampered prison. It's a beautiful part of Italy, Lake Garda. The views are magical, but he is a prisoner, in effect, while having all the symbols of our office. It's actually just a costume drama.

Professor Joshua (24:46)

Ro.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (24:46)

He is a bird in a gilded cage.

Professor Nicholas (24:52)

Mussolini's family has returned to him. The Germans have even found a nearby house for Clara Petacci. But as for being the Duce again, he has some old loyalists in place. General Graziani as his Defence minister. Alessandro Pavolini is his party secretary. The Rasputin, like Nicola Bombacci, is his enforcer. There are also 20 odd thousand blackshirts of yomp north, but it's all a charade. Mussolini, it's joked, is the Gauleiter of Lombardy. A sawdust Caesar.

Narrator (25:36)

A woman struck dead after hearing a haunting whistle. A series of childlike drawings scrawled throughout a country estate. A prize horse wandering the Moors without an owner. To the regular observer, these are merely strange anomalies. But for the master detective Sherlock Holmes, they are the first pieces of an elaborate puzzle. I'm Hugh Bonneville. Join me every Thursday for Sherlock Holmes short stories. I'll be reading a selection of the super sleuth's most baffling cases, all brought to life in their original, masterful form. The game is afoot and you're invited to join the chase from the Noiser Network. This is Sherlock Holmes short stories. Search for Sherlock Holmes short stories wherever you get your podcasts or listen@noiser.com as.

Professor Nicholas (26:36)

Ever in Italy, even in these remote parts, chaos swirls around and you've got.

Professor Helen Rush (26:42)

This very complicated moment where Italy is basically divided. Part of it is still fighting with the Germans, part of it is fighting with the Allies. Many people are not doing either. And it's a civil war and a war at the same time. Does Italy even exist? What is Italy in 1943? Nobody knows.

Professor Joshua (27:01)

The Social Republic. Its main function, and I think it needs to be taken seriously, was as a repressive instrument, its role in assisting the Germans in rounding up Italian Jews and in fighting anti fascist partisans.

Professor Nicholas (27:17)

There's another order of business, or rather unfinished business, to which Mussolini must attend. Those 19 members of the Fascist Grand Council who brought him down. Dino Grandi has fled to Spain. General De Vecchi has gone into hiding. Others live under Allied military protection. And then there is Galeazzo Ciano. Fearing arrest by the Bedoglio regime, Ciano had tried to flee the country. Naively, he trusted the Germans and their assurances of a safe passage to Spain for himself, wife Edda and their three children. But he was conned. The plane they boarded flew them straight to Munich, right into the belly of the beast. There, after Mussolini's rescue. He held a meeting with his father in law in which the Duce seemed on the path to forgiveness. But his mother in law, Racheli, is not inclined to be merciful. Nor is Adolf Hitler. Ciano is returned to the Italian Social Republic and delivered straight to the Gestapo.

Professor Joshua (28:32)

I mean, the soap opera starts with Ciano's own vote at the Grand Council. Ciano is his heir apparent, his son in law, and seems to be best positioned to take over. And he's amongst those who side against Mussolini. There is this general bloodletting, purging the ranks of everyone who betrayed him.

Professor Nicholas (28:58)

The Germans hunt down five more of the rebel Giovanni Marinelli, Carlo Pareschi, Luciano Gotardi, Tullio Cenetti and General Emilio De Bono. Over two days from January 8, 1944, they will be put on trial. The Processo di Verona held in a courtroom in the Castelvecchio, tried on a charge of treason, of plotting with the enemy. They find it laughable at first. 77 year old debona reminds the court that he's been an honorable soldier his entire life. How could it be a plot, asks Ceno, if Mussolini himself had been handed the motion in advance. But the eight man tribunal of hardcore Fascist reaches its foregone conclusion. With the exception of Cianetti, who gets a life sentence on the strength of a written apology, they are each condemned to death. Those still at large are sentenced in absentia. And so, on the morning of January 11, the five men are led from the Scalci prison and into the snow of San Procolo. It's a clumsy execution. The militiamen are poor shots. Ciano, only wounded, lies bleeding, gasping for breath. An officer takes out his pistol, finishing him off with a bullet to the head. One report claims Ciano's last words is not viva l'Italia but mamma mia. Afterwards, il Duce shrugs. So far as I'm concerned, he says, Chano has been dead for ages. Professor Julia Albanesi it shows the violence.

Professor John (30:55)

Of Disney state or she's able to do anything to anybody, in a way. And the fact that most of the people near Mussolini are in favor of killing his son in law, starting with his wife. I mean, it is a world which is violent in the end. A world in which power counts more than human relationship, which is heading to its end. And the process. So the Verona is a symbol of this.

Professor Helen Rush (31:25)

Chana was foreign minister and son in law, like, you know, the perfect double fascist. He'd actually married into the Massoud family. You couldn't get more powerful than that they're shot, you know, tied to chairs like traitors and not even given proper sort of dignified executions. It's pretty horrible. And you know, that's the last days of fascism becomes more and more nasty and vindictive.

Professor Nicholas (31:52)

Channer will leave an important legacy. His diaries smuggled out of the country by Edda. They will, after the war, give invaluable insight into the inner sanctum of Benito Mussolini.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (32:06)

See, Arnaud was the most prominent figure of the regime. He was also in many ways one of the most skeptical. But like all of them, he was poor by the tumult of Italian Fascism's capacity for self deception. But we really are in the world of Jacobean tragedy, the world of Shakespearean tragedy, when the final denouement is the entire stage is covered in bodies.

Professor Nicholas (32:39)

Finally, Kesselring's defensive Gustav line is broken. The U.S. 5th army enters Rome on June 4, 1944. It's the first Axis capital to fall in a fit of depression. Hitler takes to his bed. His staff will have difficulty rousing him 48 hours later, when, in the early hours of June 6 d day, allied forces begin landing in Normandy. For the Fuhrer, the news will only get worse. Axis partners Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland are all throwing in the towel. Germany will have no choice now but to abandon Italy and withdraw its armies to defend the Fatherland. On July 20, 1944, Mussolini has flown up for another meeting at the Wolf's Lair. His plane touches down amid a scene of panic. There are SS men running back and forth, vehicles driving here and there. Ominously from the center of the forest compound. A pall of black smoke is rising as he's driven through the perimeter, past the fences and checkpoints, Mussolini is given some devastating news. There has been an attempt on the Fuhrer's life. A bomb had gone off, placed in a briefcase under a map table as his officers gathered around it. It's okay, Mussolini is assured. Hitler has been extraordinarily lucky. In fact, in a strange twist of fate, it was Mussolini who saved him. It was news of Il Duce's arrival that caused the morning strategy meeting to be brought forward. The plotters were rushed. The meeting with the Fuhrer is surreal. He looks like a character from a cartoon. He has a blackened face, no eyebrows. His trousers are in shreds. He seems delirious, euphoric, clearly drugged up. Hitler shows Mussolini the plans he has for a new set of wonder weapons. Rockets and such like that are going to change the course of the war. Just you see, Mussolini never One, to be outdone, tells him about an Italian scientist who has invented a death ray. As he leaves, Hitler grabs Mussolini by the arm. He tells him, please believe me when I tell you that you are my only friend in Italy. Kesselring is now fighting a rearguard action holding the new Gothic line north of Florence.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (35:28)

The Germans were now flooding through north Italy, tying it down, controlling it, and they couldn't be dislodged, of course. They're remarkably brutal to the Italian partisans. The reason the memory of Mussolini is execrable in naught it had been bought north, south is because of what the Germans were doing. They were massacring hostages, villages and so on. They're not just going after the partisans, but they did what the Germans did everywhere. Brutal reprisals against the civilian populations. That, of course, just fueled partisan rage.

Professor Nicholas (36:07)

But the days of the German occupation, and with it the Salo Republic, are numbered. The partisans are getting their act together, coming now under a Committee of National Liberation for northern Italy.

Professor Joshua (36:22)

So there are disparate partisan groups. Some are formed as early as September 1943, with the Italian surrender and soldiers taking to the hills to avoid capture by the Germans. It includes young men fleeing labor roundups and the draft in the sallow republic, peasants who've taken to the hills, and at times they work hand in hand. But there's also at times, conflicts over what the ultimate goal of resistance is. Is it just to free Italy of the Germans, to defeat fascism? Or is it to wage a revolutionary class war and create a new Italy.

Professor Nicholas (37:00)

After the war, in his villa on the lake, Mussolini carries on in a state of delusion, still calling cabinet meetings to discuss collective farming and economic reforms. In his downtime, he reads, plays his violin, or takes a turn on the tennis court, where his opponents are instructed to let him win.

Professor Helen Rush (37:23)

He's holed up there without too much power on the lake, really waiting for the end, because it's inevitable that time. And he's much more realistic than Hitler in that sense. He knows end is coming and he's preparing for it. He's doing things like taking money out of bank accounts. I mean, the Italian Fascism basically drained the bank of Italy and stole enormous amounts of money for itself. It was a very corrupt regime. I have documentary evidence of Mussolini taking cash from the central bank and giving it to his sons in the last days.

Professor Nicholas (37:56)

A visitor to the Villa Feltrinelli is a journalist known named Madeleine Moliere. She had been bowled over by the Duce in his prime. He confesses to her, seven years ago, I was an interesting person. Now I'm little more than a corpse. My star has fallen. I have no fight left in me. I await the end of the tragedy.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (38:23)

So he knows the end is nigh. He knows it's near. He knows there is no elegant way of getting out. And that is his last chapter, which he's got to both write and read his last performance in the theater, which he has to both perform and watch.

Professor John (38:39)

I mean, I guess that he knows that he is towards the end. I guess he knows and everybody knows near him. Then I don't know which is the degree in which he pretend things are not like.

Professor Nicholas (38:57)

By spring 1945, it's game over for the Germans in Italy. On April 16, Mussolini calls his last cabinet meeting. He's advised to cut his losses, to get out, leave the country. Nearby, Switzerland is the obvious choice. From there, he can get to Spain. There is talk of Argentina, even Polynesia. But now, says Mussolini, he is going to take a loyal army of 3,000 blackshirts and head to Valtelina in the northeast. And there, like the Spartans, they will make their final heroic stand. But before that, he's going back to his spiritual home, Milan. He bids Rakele and his family goodbye. Then, under a close SS escort, he heads off. It's a strange few days in Milan. All across northern Italy, the cities are falling. Genoa, Trieste, Bologna, with allied armies just 60 miles away. There, Mussolini sits in the Palazzo Monforte, acting like the big cheese he used to be. But with a partisan uprising set for April 25, the local German commander informs Mussolini that he's evacuating. He has arranged for some vehicles to get them all out of there. That night they head north, skirting the shores of Lake Como. Mussolini is still unclear as to whether he's going to perform his last heroic stand or make a boat for Switzerland. One thing's for sure, he's going to be doing it on a budget. In the baggage train had been a truck full of gold bars, looted from the treasury the wealth with which he'd hoped to set up anew. Amid the chaos, the truck has been plundered, the booty no more.

Professor John (41:05)

So this regime who spoke of justice, order. These men were taking money from wherever and using public money for very private reason, and enriching them in an horrible way while they were in government and while they were pretending to work for a nicer or for a more just world. What is that?

Professor Nicholas (41:30)

All is not yet lost. Word comes that German vehicles are now being given an amnesty, being allowed safe passage through the partisan checkpoints. Though a warning, it's not a luxury being afforded to any Italian fascists who might be caught in their company. There is a German armored column of 40 vehicles in the area. Mussolini has told it's retreating to Innsbruck. He and his entourage must go with them, take their chances. Within hours, Mussolini finds himself inside a Wehrmacht armored car. Petacci joins the convoy too, in an Alfa Romeo driven by her brother Marcello. The car has Spanish diplomatic plates. They will pose as members of Spain's Milan Consulate. 7am on April 27, 1944. Just past the village of Menaggio, the column, which has been rumbling along the narrow, winding road, comes to an abrupt halt. Up ahead is a roadblock, a felled tree and a pile of boulders. With the lake on one side and a rock face on the other, there's no way around it. They're sitting ducks. From up above and seemingly all around them, shots ring out. The Germans return fire, but they're shooting at ghosts. The column's commander, Lt. Falmier, waves his arms. Ceasefire. He can see men now moving behind the barricade. Partisans. Quickly, he fashions a white flag. He edges along the road. Two partisans come out and do the same. Falmeer reminds them of the deal that German vehicles should be given safe passage. The partisans seem unsure. It's a long and tense wait, over six hours, during which time Falmer is taken away to speak with the local command. To great relief, he returns. They are to be let through, but first they must follow the partisans to the village of Dongo for their vehicles to be inspected. Back in the armored car, Mussolini is handed an infantryman's greatcoat to throw over, his militia uniform and a German army helmet. He's whisked back to one of the troop trucks, given a machine gun and told to climb in, to sit all the way inside. Unfortunately, at this moment, Clara Pataci starts screaming at the top of her voice, banging on the side, accusing her lover of abandoning her to those spying on the convoy from the hillsides. The histrionics have been noted. At 3pm the column of vehicles pulls into the Dongo village square, tantalizingly only six miles from the Swiss border. Moving down the lines of infantry trucks, a partisan finds in the fourth one a soldier dressed oddly hunched forward with a machine gun pressed between his knees, and he's wearing sunglasses. The Germans protest he's just drunk, sleeping it off. Leave him be. But the partisan has an inkling. The brigade commander is called over, a man named Urbano Lazzaro. He climbs aboard Are you Italian? He asks a soldier. The soldier looks up. Yes, I am. Lazzaro smiles, momentarily lapsing into the old formality. Excellency, we were expecting you. In front of the perplexed villagers, Benito Mussolini has marched across the cobbles to the mayor's office. Petacci, meanwhile failing with her Spanish ruse, is having trouble convincing anyone she's not the Duce's mistress. News travels fast. The HQ of the Liberation Committee is suddenly inundated with messages from the American oss. They are reminded of the armistice agreement that was signed between Badoglio and Eisenhower, specifically its clause 29 that Benito Mussolini, his main fascist associates and all persons suspected of having committed crimes of war will be immediately arrested and handed over to the United nations forces. But this is too big a prize to give up.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (46:26)

It's rather a case of the victims recognizing their tormentor. One of the partisans recognizes the disguised Mussolini. And what of course happens is that the Allies and the Italian government, it still has an official government or all, petition to get him to put him on trial.

Professor Nicholas (46:48)

Some members of the Liberation Committee remain intent on doing things by the book. Others are going to take matters into their own hands. The race is now on to get to Mussolini first. A car screeches towards Lake Como. It contains a hardline Communist partisan who goes by the alias Colonel Valerio. Along the way, he and his accomplices have commandeered a removal's van. Mussolini seems relaxed in captivity. It's as if a weight has been lifted. He laughs and jokes with his captors. That night, he and Petacci are taken to a farmhouse in giulino di mezzegra. 15 Italians from the convoy have also been brought nearby, plus Petacci's brother. The tensions soon return. Sleep is fitful. They're aware of heated conversations downstairs that their partisan captors might not be all on the same page. For the rest of the day, all they can do is lie around and wait. At 4pm on the 28th, Valerio reaches the house. Pulling rank, he brushes past the guards and goes up the stairs. Mussolini and Petacci, dozing on and off on the bed, stare up at this striking tall man in the long brown trench coat. They should gather themselves, he tells them. He has orders to bring the Duce back to Milan. Though not, he neglects to add, alive. Whoever Valerio is, most probably a man named Walter Odysseus of the Freedom Volunteer Corps. He appears used to giving orders. Mussolini and Petacci are led outside by Valerio's men and hustled through the village square, then bundled into a car and driven away with armed men perched on the wheel arches and running boards, it speeds along for a short distance. At 4:10pm it stops at the entrance to a country house, the Villa Belmonte. Mussolini and Petacci are told to get out and stand by the wall. It's no use, sighs Mussolini. It's the end. He simply opens his shirt and tells them to aim for his chest. Though Petacci is not going to go down without a fight. Screaming, you cannot kill us like this. She rushes Valerio and grabs the barrel of his machine gun. He pulls the trigger, but it jams three times. It will not be the case with the automatic weapon he snatches from his colleague. Within an instant, Mussolini and Petacci are lying on the ground. There is a faint smile on the Duce's lips, a hint of breathing. Still, Valerio puts another bullet in the Duce for good measure.

Professor John (50:08)

Being killed with the uniform of an SS is the worst end that anybody could imagine for a man like him. And it's really the manifestation of what fascism was. I would say also the relationship with Lara Pertacci was a sign of it, not only for the fact that she was the lover in a regime that pretended that family was the most important thing, but also because she was a constant source of corruption.

Professor Joshua (50:40)

I think that the execution has a lot to do with the partisans wanting to cement their control and their legitimacy is really the future leadership of Italy, rather than as subservient to the Allies, who are presumably then going to put Mussolini on some kind of international tribunal.

Professor Nicholas (51:04)

The bodies are slung in the back of the removals truck, along with the other executed loyalists. Before the shots were fired, the family living in the villa claimed they heard the assassin give some kind of speech, as if Mussolini were being read a death sentence. Some say it had been approved back in Milan, others right there in the mayor's office. But no one will ever know.

Professor Joshua (51:31)

It was very important for them to show the populace that they were in charge, and also that, in a sense, Italians had liberated themselves, that instead of viewing the liberation of Italy as an Anglo American accomplishment, that there was a symbolic dimension to it, where the Resistance claimed moral legitimacy and political legitimacy by filling that vacuum when the Germans fled.

Professor Nicholas (52:02)

The lorry is driven through the night to Milan. And there, as we know from the opening scene of this story, in the early hours of Sunday the 29th, the bodies will be deposited in the Piazzale Loretto, dumped on the very same spot that Mussolini's goons on behalf of the SS performed a summary execution of 15 partisans that morning. As the crowd brutalized the bodies, there seems an air of disbelief. Can this really be the great Iluce of the fascists? To have gone to ground is a man named Achilles Darache. He at worked his way up to becoming Mussolini's propagandist, his chief spin doctor. Since the collapse of the regime, he's been living incognito in the city. Starace's curse is that he's also a fitness fanatic. And that morning, in his shorts and tennis shoes, he decides to go for a run. Curious as to the commotion in the square, he jogs past only for someone to recognize him too. Before he knows it, he's being dragged over to identify Mussolini's corpse. A look of shock on his face is all that's required. Within minutes, he too has been shot and will be strung up next to his old boss and his mistress, alongside Pavolini Bombacci and an activist named Gelomini. His last words, accompanied by a defiant Fascist salute, are Viva il Duce.

Professor Helen Rush (53:52)

So he was hated as well, because he was always the man next to Mussolini in all the photos. Everyone knew Sterace, so it was probably wasn't a good idea to go for a joke that day.

Professor Nicholas (54:05)

The pictures of Mussolini hanging from the girder of the filling station will be wired around the world. Front page news everywhere.

Professor Helen Rush (54:14)

It's one of the most amazing moments of the second World War. A lot of journalists make their careers on that. And the image of Mussolini hung up by his feet is this incredible obvious moment of end. End of him, end of the regime, overturning of power, return of democracy, but in quite a brutal way also, he's still the center of attention. Everyone's still looking at him, but he's dead.

Professor Nicholas (54:38)

In his bunker under the Reich Chancellery. The news stuns Hitler.

Hugh Bonneville (54:44)

Having learned what happened to Mussolini, Hitler took the decision to commit suicide himself. Not to leave his fate in the hands of anyone who might get their hands on him. And Eva Brown too.

Professor Nicholas (54:57)

Once the bodies are taken down, they will lay in the mortuary to be snapped by a U.S. army photographer. He arranges Mussolini and Patacci with a little more dignity. From there, they will be taken away, to be buried in unmarked graves in the city's Masoco cemetery. Predappio, Italy. The present day Mussolini's birthplace is now his resting place. After his body was dug up and stolen on more than one occasion. It was in 1957. Interred here at the family's marble crypt, with candles burning Before a bust of Il Duce and surrounded by Fascist regalia, it's become a shrine. The souvenir shops, meanwhile, sell all manner of Musso merch.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (55:57)

Someone bought me a bottle of Mussolini wine which had his face on it. You buy all kinds of Mussolini tat.

Professor Helen Rush (56:04)

It's a really fascinating place to go, but it is quite unnerving when you see people openly with Fascist tattoos or Fascist T shirts walking around the town.

Professor Nicholas (56:14)

It's not just here, but right across Italy that Mussolini still casts his shadow. There are traces of him in the Fascist era architecture, in the black shirt thuggery of the football ultras. And of course, in Italian politics. Members of the Mussolini dynasty to this day sit in the Italian and European parliaments. The spirit of Il Duce conjured as a figure of authority, a reformer rather than a murderous dictator.

Professor Joshua (56:47)

It is a common refrain that Mussolini also did some good things. This is something you still hear in Italy a lot today. And people who say that tend to cite the modernization of the country under his rule. A lot of that modernization was explicitly done in the aid of Fascism's ultimate goal, which was war and conquest. It's, I think, important to recognize that Mussolini did kill many people. He killed hundreds of thousands, even potentially millions, of Ethiopians, of Libyans, of Yugoslavs, of Greeks, Albanians, that while we don't have an Italian Auschwitz. That's not to say that the Fascist war was benign.

Professor Nicholas of Shaughnessy (57:37)

It's extraordinary, given the absolute cruelty of the Germans in those areas of Italy they occupied, that the legacy and imagery of Mussolini is not. It's also representative of the power of Mussolini's propaganda, the notion that there was a good side to him, that he was human. Mussolini the lover. Mussolini was a passionate man, Mussolini the musician, Mussolini the lover of grand opera. Although Stephen Fry takes the view that the only countries which had fascism were countries with a tradition of grand opera, which happens to be true.

Professor Nicholas (58:22)

Whatever way you approach him. The fact is that Mussolini will be forever linked to Adolf Hitler. But in a perverse way, this has led to an easier ride that in the League of Comparative Evil, pound for pound, he fares rather better.

Professor John (58:42)

Yes, this is also part of the way in which in Italy, the figure of Mussolini and the experience of Italians was perceived. But for me, it is both a very problematic way of looking at this issue and in a way, it downplays the role that Italian Fascism had in changing deeply the European political context. In a way, we cannot say what would have been of Europe if Mussolini hadn't took power in 1922. And we are Certain of the fact that it greatly influenced many other right wing parties and many other right wings leaders in the 20s and 30s included Adolf Hitler.

Hugh Bonneville (59:27)

I think it's important to say that in terms of their reputation, Hitler is obviously war never rehabilitated and nor should it have been. But by contrast, Mussolini's was a little bit more ambivalent.

Professor Julia Albanesi (59:41)

And you have in Germany this attitude towards Nazim, towards the Holocaust, where the idea has been for so long, never again. And I feel that in Italy maybe there was never that drive to really confront what had gone on. In the same way, Italy doesn't really.

Professor Helen Rush (60:05)

Have a museum of fascism. If you go around Berlin, there's tons of museums of fascism, of Nazism, and tons of memory. And Italy has done a lot of work with the anti Semitic stuff. But with fascism itself, it still seems to be a real taboo to deal with it and to talk about it and to historicize it properly. And if you don't historicize it, it still can be acceptable.

Professor Joshua (60:29)

When we make comparisons between contemporary political figures and the fascists of the past, almost routinely the comparison is made with Hitler, with a genocidal maniac, and any comparison with Hitler ends up making the other person look considerably more benign. But Hitler in some ways was the exception and Mussolini was the archetype. We can learn a lot about the nature of authoritarian power, the use of political violence, the use of propaganda, the construction of a cult of personality. We can illuminate what they're all about by holding them up against Mussolini more effectively.

Professor Nicholas (61:20)

Had he made different decisions, it said, Mussolini could have died peacefully in his bed, just like General Franco. But who knows? Mussolini, through fascism, was the godfather of ultra nationalism, the architect of the totalitarian state. Without him there would have been no Franco, moreover, no Hitler, and arguably no Second World War. Real dictators will be back soon with, among others, the stories of Fidel Castro and Jean Bedel Bokassa. Stay tuned.