You Might Also Like: ZOE Science & Nutrition

Summary

Podcast Summary: "You Might Also Like: ZOE Science & Nutrition"

Release Date: March 10, 2024
Host: Shaun Stevenson
Guest: Professor Tim Spector, Professor of Epidemiology and Scientific Co-founder at ZOE

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Introduction

In this enlightening episode of ZOE Science & Nutrition, host Shaun Stevenson delves deep into the intricacies of metabolism with renowned epidemiologist Professor Tim Spector. The discussion centers around understanding metabolism, the alarming prevalence of metabolic unhealthiness, and actionable strategies to improve metabolic health.

Understanding Metabolism

Shaun Stevenson initiates the conversation by addressing common misconceptions about metabolism, prompting Tim to elaborate:

"[03:43] Tim Spector: That it's just about converting food into energy."

However, Tim broadens this definition, emphasizing that metabolism encompasses a complex web of processes beyond mere energy conversion:

"[04:09] Tim Spector: Metabolism is really about the sum of all the different pieces that can create and generate energy and that feed into each other."

He underscores the principle that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but transformed, highlighting the multifaceted nature of metabolic processes, including the roles of different nutrients and cellular interactions.

Listener Questions: Quick Fire Round

Shaun engages Tim with a rapid round of listener questions to set the stage:

1. Are most people metabolically healthy?
   "[03:07] Tim Spector: No."

2. Can you always tell if someone has bad metabolic health because they will be overweight?
   "[03:20] Tim Spector: No."

3. Is a faster metabolism better for your health?
   "[03:25] Tim Spector: Not necessarily."

4. Can the type of food you eat change your metabolism?
   "[03:32] Tim Spector: Yes."

5. Can changing how you sleep improve your metabolism?
   "[03:37] Tim Spector: Definitely."

6. What's the most common misconception about metabolism?
   "[03:43] Tim Spector: That it's just about converting food into energy."

These responses succinctly introduce the complexity of metabolic health beyond simplistic views.

The Impact of Ultra Processed Foods on Metabolism

A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to exploring how ultra processed foods derange metabolic processes. Tim references a pivotal study from Food and Nutrition Research:

"[05:51] Tim Spector: They had test subjects consume sandwiches of either whole multigrain bread with cheddar cheese or ultra processed white bread with a cheese product. Despite identical calories, those who consumed the ultra processed sandwich exhibited a 50% reduction in calorie expenditure." [05:51]

This startling finding illustrates that not all calories are equal— the body's response to different food types can drastically alter energy utilization.

Tim further explains the concept of “metabolic clogs”, where ultra processed foods inhibit efficient energy usage, leading the body to store excess calories as fat. He emphasizes that these effects are compounded over time, making long-term metabolic health precarious even if immediate weight changes aren't evident.

Defining Metabolic Health

The episode highlights a concerning statistic:

"[16:05] Tim Spector: Only 12% of United States citizens are metabolically healthy." [16:05]

Tim elaborates on metabolic health as the efficiency and harmony of the body's energy management system, influenced by factors like insulin sensitivity, inflammation levels, and body composition. He critiques outdated educational models that fail to account for individual metabolic fingerprints influenced by genetics and microbiome diversity.

Causes of Metabolic Unhealthiness

Tim attributes the decline in metabolic health primarily to environmental changes, particularly the surge in ultra processed foods and exposure to numerous artificial chemicals:

"[27:00] Tim Spector: The environment we exist in is very different than a hundred years ago. There are billions of newly invented chemicals released into our environment." [27:00]

He discusses the pervasive presence of PFAS chemicals from products like Teflon, which now circulate globally, highlighting their insidious integration into human biology:

"[27:47] Tim Spector: 98% of people now have DuPont's chemicals in their blood." [27:47]

Mechanisms of Damage from Ultra Processed Foods

Tim outlines several pathways through which ultra processed foods impair metabolism:

1. Rapid Consumption: These foods are engineered to be consumed quickly, bypassing natural satiety signals.

   "[35:17] Tim Spector: The speed at which you eat ultra processed food might bypass evolutionary mechanisms for feeling full." [35:17]

2. Texture and Jaw Health: Softer, "baby-like" foods reduce the physical effort of chewing, potentially leading to underdeveloped jaw muscles.

   "[35:23] Tim Spector: People are essentially eating baby food throughout their lives, impacting jaw development." [35:23]

3. Chemical Additives: Artificial sweeteners and emulsifiers disrupt gut microbiota and promote inflammation.

   "[38:01] Tim Spector: Artificial sweeteners can disrupt gut microbes, leading to metabolic disturbances." [38:01]

4. Food Design for Overconsumption: Products are crafted to be hyper-palatable, making it difficult to stop eating.

   "[36:56] Tim Spector: These companies are designed to keep us hooked, making us powerless against their control." [36:56]

The Vicious Cycle of Inflammation and Metabolic Health

Tim references a study from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine linking hypothalamic inflammation to increased belly fat and insulin resistance:

"[20:03] Tim Spector: People with hypothalamic inflammation had more belly fat and higher insulin resistance." [20:03]

This creates a vicious cycle where metabolic disorders lead to more inflammation, perpetuating worsening metabolic health.

Actionable Strategies for Better Metabolic Health

1. Improving Sleep Quality

Tim emphasizes the pivotal role of sleep in metabolic health, citing a study where adequate sleep led to more effective fat loss:

"[09:30] Tim Spector: Short-term effects show a 50% reduction in calorie expenditure with processed foods, but long-term implications compound issues." [09:30]

He recommends:

• Tech Curfew: Limiting screen time before bed to prevent disruption of the circadian rhythm.

  "[46:12] Tim Spector: Implement a tech curfew to enhance sleep quality." [46:12]

• Creating a Sleep Sanctuary: Ensuring the bedroom is free from work-related activities and technology to foster better sleep environments.

  "[47:55] Tim Spector: Make your bedroom tech-free to improve sleep." [47:55]

2. Dietary Modifications

Tim advises:

• Avoiding Blood Sugar Spikes: Eliminating foods that cause rapid increases in blood glucose and insulin levels.

  "[49:53] Tim Spector: Cut out foods that spike blood sugar to improve metabolic health." [49:53]

• Choosing High-Quality Fats and Fiber-Rich Plants: Replacing high-carb breakfasts with options like full-fat Greek yogurt, kefir, and berries to stabilize blood sugar.

  "[50:53] Tim Spector: My go-to breakfast includes full-fat Greek yogurt, kefir, and berries." [50:53]

Personal Experiences and Real-World Implications

Shaun shares personal anecdotes about unexpected blood sugar spikes from foods considered healthy, reinforcing the episode's core message that not all “healthy” foods are metabolically beneficial for everyone.

Concluding Thoughts

The episode wraps up with a synthesis of the discussions, reiterating the critical need to move beyond calorie-centric views of diet and embrace a holistic understanding of metabolic health. Tim Spector and Shaun Stevenson advocate for personalized nutrition and lifestyle adjustments as essential steps toward achieving and maintaining metabolic harmony.

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Key Takeaways

• Metabolism is a complex, interconnected system beyond simple energy conversion.
• Only 12% of Americans are metabolically healthy, a statistic mirroring global trends.
• Ultra processed foods significantly impair metabolic efficiency through multiple mechanisms.
• Environmental factors, especially chemicals and food design, play a pivotal role in deteriorating metabolic health.
• Improving sleep quality and making informed dietary choices are actionable strategies to enhance metabolic health.

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For more insights and personalized nutrition advice, visit ZOE.com. Use the code "podcast" to receive a 10% discount on your first order.

Transcript

[Jonathan Wolf]

Welcome to Zoe Science and Nutrition where world leading scientists explain how their research.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Can improve your health.

[Jonathan Wolf]

I want you to picture a factory building cars. It's full of machinery and workers that are taking various parts and assembling them into shiny new automobiles. But one day every car that comes off that production line has a defect. A broken window, a missing tyre, a faulty engine. So what to do? Fix each individual car or go to the root of the problem and fix the factory? This production line. Catastrophe can happen in our bodies, but instead of a faulty engine, we have heart disease, diabetes, obesity. To tackle these problems in the long run, we must fix the factories in our cells and that is called metabolism. And a recent study found that a staggering 88% of us are not metabolically healthy. Host of the Model Health Show, Shaun Stevenson is author of two bestselling books, Eat Smarter and Sleep Smarter that look at the close relationship between our lifestyle and metabolism. Today, Shaun is joined by Tim Spector. Tim is one of the world's top 100 most cited scientists, a professor of epidemiology and my scientific co founder at Zoe. By the end of this episode you'll understand how your metabolism works and how to ensure it safeguards your long term health. If you're looking to improve your metabolic health, you may be familiar with the experience of eating foods that make your blood sugar crash a few hours after eating. Let me suggest you check out Zoe's personalized nutrition program. Because the food you eat isn't only making you tired, it's making you sick. Did you know that 60% of our calories now come from ultra processed foods? They're cheap, they're often loaded with sugar and saturated fats, they can last on your shelf for years and they're engineered to keep you hooked. But every day there's more evidence that links ultra processed food with obesity, cancer, depression and many other diseases. We live with a food system that's rigged against us. Zoe's personalised nutrition program helps you break free. We point you towards the smartest food choices for you and we'll make it easy too. Visit Zoe.com to get your at home test kit and personalised nutrition program today. Okay, let's get on with today's episode with Shaun Stevenson and Professor Tim Spector. Sean, thank you for joining me today.

[Tim Spector]

It is my pleasure to be here.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And Tim, always great to have you here.

[Tim Spector]

Me too.

[Shaun Stevenson]

So Sean, we have a tradition here at Zoe where we always start with a quick fire round of questions from our listeners. We have very strict rules. You can say yes or no. Or if you have to, a one sentence answer.

[Tim Spector]

Okay.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Are you willing to give it a go?

[Tim Spector]

I'll give it a shot.

[Shaun Stevenson]

All right.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Are most people metabolically healthy?

[Tim Spector]

No.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Can you always tell if someone has bad metabolic health because they will be overweight?

[Tim Spector]

No.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Is a faster metabolism better for your health?

[Tim Spector]

Not necessarily.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And Tim, can the type of food you eat change your metabolism?

[Tim Spector]

Yes.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Can changing how you sleep improve your metabolism?

[Tim Spector]

Definitely.

[Jonathan Wolf]

And finally, Sean, what's the most common misconception about metabolism?

[Tim Spector]

That it's just about converting food into energy.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And it's not?

[Tim Spector]

Absolutely not.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Well, I think that's a brilliant introduction into what we're going to get into now. Firstly, we've never done a podcast specifically on metabolism. And secondly, I really don't understand what it is, despite the fact that the word has come up so often. So actually, I'd love to start right at the very beginning. Sean, what is metabolism? Metabolism, and why does it matter?

[Tim Spector]

From a rudimentary perspective, it's converting food into energy, but that's looking at energy through this very isolated vanilla way. You know, there's this entire microcosm of events, and metabolism is really about the sum of all the different pieces that can create and generate energy and that feed into each other. And for me, it's really based on that principle of energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be be converted from one form into another. And so this energy exchange, even if we're looking at that very vanilla version of it, of food, is creating energy. Where does the food come from? What are the pieces and parts of the food that create the energy? And there are other things besides food that are getting converted into energy for us as well. And whether that's body fat, whether that is oxygen, and how it relates to all these different pieces, there are literally millions of parts and inputs that determine metabolism. It isn't just food. And even from the perspective of food being used as energy. Right. The endpoint being the mitochondria, which we'll get to, I'm sure, and talk a lot about. When we eat a food, it doesn't just become energy, it gets converted into a currency that our body can actually use. Our body runs on a certain currency. And so there's so much work involved in converting that food into the currency that our body can use. And sometimes that conversion doesn't happen. Right. Our body isn't converting everything that we eat into that currency that we're using.

[Jonathan Wolf]

And Sean, could you talk me through that?

[Shaun Stevenson]

Maybe in a very simple way, like, let's Imagine I eat a piece of bread.

[Tim Spector]

Let's use actually a good example since you mentioned bread. All right. There was this fascinating study published recently in the journal Food and Nutrition Research. And they had test subjects to. And this is a crossover study. So everybody's doing both things to consume a sandwich of either whole multigrain bread and cheddar cheese or a sandwich of what they deem to be ultra processed food, which was white bread and cheese product. And here in the United States, like Kraft is a big cheese company. That's what I grew up eating. But it's called Kraft Singles because they can't legally call it cheese. There's not a cheese in the cheese. And so it's this kind of cheese product. Right. And so they had test subjects to consume both sandwiches at different parts of the study. Now, keep in mind, these sandwiches have the same amount of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and the same amount of calories. But when they ate the two different versions of these sandwiches, very different things happened with their metabolism, in particular the expenditure of the calories they consumed. So when people ate the processed food sandwich versus the whole food sandwich, they had about a 50% reduction in calorie expenditure or calorie burn. After eating that processed food sandwich, something happened. And to, to create a very simple understanding, it basically created metabolic clogs. It blocked the body's ability to use that energy efficiently and to get rid of it. And so what does our body do? It's going to do what it can to protect us. And if even that means holding on to some of these calories to try to figure out, you know, what to do with this later at some point. And not to mention all the other pieces that come along with that, it's not just the calories from the food. And as Tim knows this as well, there's a lot of other compounds that come along with ultra processed foods. Whether this is, you know, phthalates, whether this is, you know, pesticides and all these other things that can disrupt our metabolism. And so when it boils down to it, if we can just kind of consolidate this whole idea when we're choosing to eat a certain food, it's not just this calorie conversation. And Tim and I talked a lot about this when I, when I had him on my show, it's so much bigger. There are all these, and this is the term I want to share with everybody, epicaloric controllers. They're these epic caloric controllers that are determining how our body is processing the food that we're eating. And so today we're going to expand from the conversation of just calories and understand that our metabolism, when it boils down to it, it is the conversion of food into energy. Yes. But there are all these other really wonderful factors for us to pay attention to. And today I want to help everybody to just refine it to some very simple ideas because it can be complex, obviously there's so many pieces to cover. But today I want to share some of the like top things that are the Epicalura controllers that we can apply in our lives to make better choices and to have a more efficient metabolism overall.

That study you refer to was that short term metabolism or long term? Because I think people often get confused because in a way the long term might be more important as it, as the body resets, whether it's from exercise or eating. Yeah, just, do you want to try and help us through that? Because I always find that, you know, one of the hardest things when we talk about metabolism is this the short term reaction of the body and then what's the sort of, what's the long term rate?

That's such a great question that only you would ask. Of course, what we're looking at here is exactly that it was a short term effect. Right. So there's a 50% reduction in expenditure of calories in the short term. But long term, what does that look like? Well, the body's going to find a way to get rid of a lot of that energy, but there's this residual effect as you're doing that day after day after day, and this kind of compounding reverse interest in a way and making it harder and harder and harder for us to have that long term energy expenditure. And so it's just taking a snapshot. And that's the thing about these studies, they're always looking at things in these snapshot moments and life is so much more dynamic.

[Shaun Stevenson]

You looked at these two different meals that looked almost the same. Like in theory they're like bread and cheese. Bread and cheese. But one is sort of ultra processed and one is sort of much more whole grain and natural and real cheese. And you're saying that metabolism is the way that you convert food into energy. But although both of them have the same number of calories, so you'd think that like the metabolism has to be the same. You're saying that with this ultra processed food somehow your body's metabolism was completely different and it sort of held on to like a whole bunch of those calories and stored them as fat, basically. Whereas with that more natural food, it sort of burnt them up even though they were the same calories did I.

[Tim Spector]

Understand that right now we can't say that study doesn't reveal whether or not it's getting stored as fat per se, but the body is slowing down its processing of that energy. There's going to be a tendency, especially over time, that more and more of that's going to get stored as fat. But as Tim mentioned, in the short term it can just be everything's kind of slowing down. Your body, from my perspective, is just trying to figure out what to do with this stuff because it is newly invented and you know, based on the things we really evolved eating where we have a level of efficiency and our bodies are incredibly intelligent and resilient. So they could figure out how to process that cheese product, you know, if it's forced to. But ideally, is that optimal? Probably not.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I think the follow on question that was one of the top questions that we had was around metabolic health. So just as I think I'm still a bit confused really about exactly what metabolism is, I'm definitely also confused about what metabolic health is. What does it mean?

[Tim Spector]

I love that this is a big part of the conversation today because, you know, when I graduated from college, I studied nutrition, I studied biochemistry, and I was not taught about, quote, metabolic health. All right? It's just like even in my first nutritional science class, you know, we were first of all, we were taught the food pyramid. This was the, the 90s. My teacher, the professor was basically, you know, he came in and he shared that, you know, if you want to lose weight, you expend more energy than you take in. Right? As simple as that. If you want to gain weight, you consume more calories than you expend. And that, that was it. If you want to stay the same, they need to be the same. And a little side note, and I don't talk about this often, but my teacher was significantly overweight. I'm not saying that, you know, this was a character flaw or anything like that, but I'm sure that he was doing a lot of things that he was trying to teach us, but they just simply weren't working for him. And he just needed, in his mind, I just need to cut more calories, I need to do better. And we start to punish ourselves because this dogma that we've been taught isn't working out. And it does work for some people. It does work for some people because at the time he's teaching us and he's applying, we need to eat seven to 11 servings of, quote, healthy whole grains every day. And that's the basis of our diet. And so some of the principles that I took from that is basically, you know, if it's white, it's not. Right? All right, so no more refined carbohydrates. I'm not going to eat this regular pasta that I grew up eating. Let me get whole wheat pasta. Right? I'm not going to eat the white bread that I grew up eating in the United States. It's like Wonder Bread and bunny bread. And now I'm going to eat whole grain bread. I'm going to eat a lot of brown food. And this is not taken into account my unique metabolic fingerprint, right? So these are some of the things that go into our own unique metabolic fingerprint and our own unique metabolic health. And part of that is our own unique microbial fingerprint. And what if somebody has a hard time with their microbial makeup trying to process a lot of these, quote, healthy whole grains? What, what is that going to do to their metabolic health? What is that going to do to their energy assimilation and expenditure? Right. All this stuff matters. And we can't have this kind of cookie cutter approach to things. And so an example that really, like, it stayed with me for years that I couldn't understand. And I would go to this Chinese food restaurant that was right off campus, and I was like, wondering why the store owner and their family. I would go around the time when they're having their lunch and they were like, eating white rice and, like, steamed vegetables. And I'm just like, why are they eating white rice? Don't they know that, you know, this is so much better for you to eat a brown rice? And what it was, truly, if you, you know, my wife is from Africa as well. She's from Kenya. And they've been eating white rice for a long time. Yes, there can be parts of the container or the brand of certain things that can add fiber, but they can also be a gut irritant for a lot of people as well. And so I think some people, our ancestors figured out centuries ago that if we want to efficiently process this food without side effects, if we're looking for caloric energy, Right. If that's our goal with this thing, we might want to get rid of this because it can create some gut irritation for some people. And so getting that background education and not being taught what metabolic health is, which is what is right for me right now to efficiently process my food to feel good, to, of course, a Body composition can come into the mix as well. It's like out picturing and your opening, like rapid fire question was, can we have out picturing of fitness and still be metabolically unhealthy? Absolutely. But it is a part of the equation. There are all these different parts. And so, you know, ultimately, and the most recent data here in the United States, and again, I think that the number, of course it can shift a little bit, but I think it's pretty close. Only 12% of United States citizens are metabolically healthy.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Only 12%.

[Tim Spector]

Only 12%. That should be outrageous, like blow our minds. But the question is, again, this is what we're talking about. What does that mean? What is metabolic health? Well, in this particular study, they were looking at, you know, triglyceride levels, they were looking at HDL and LDL ratios, they were looking at, yes, body composition, body fat percentage and things like that. But it's still looking at things through a very small frame. So I'm not going to be the guy that comes on this show and tells you this is exactly what metabolic health is.

You know, I have this problem writing books to, you know, to the public to try and explain metabolism.

Yeah.

And my editor says, what is metabolism? Metabolic health? Well, the, the best way I described it, and I love your thoughts on it, is it's the energy management system of the body and its efficiency. It's how all the bits in the body work together and how efficient it is or whether it's inefficient and it's having to work too hard to keep the house warm or cool or whatever it is, is keeping it exactly at that right temperature all the time, regardless of what you're doing. Do you think that's a reasonable way to.

Absolutely. The efficiency is such a key word in this, but that can be misconstrued because we can be very efficient in converting that white rice into glucose and shoot up our blood glucose, have a huge response from insulin. Yeah, it's efficient to convert that into energy, but is that metabolically healthy for us? And so we've got to take into account. Account that efficiency means multiple things as well.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Yeah.

[Tim Spector]

It means not having side effects and means not having other things happen to the system that make it go wrong.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I guess I was just thinking that you were talking about the, you know, the white rice and then the brown rice and the white bread and the brown red. And, you know, both Tim and I have both done the Zoe test team, where as part of it, you get your own blood sugar and probably you know, many of the listeners on this podcast have also been members, have done that. And I think one of the things that I remember being most shocked by was a whole bunch of things that I thought were really healthy because they were brown. And so like, the first time I ate brown bread and I spiked my blood sugar so much, and just like Tim, my wife's blood sugar, she spiked a lot less than mine, which was sort of annoying. And like, brown rice, like off the roof. So definitely have had that personal experience you were talking about, about how your metabolism is dealing with this. Not at all. In the sort of nice, easy way that I had always assumed. Assume. Because I've been told that this stuff was sort of fine for me.

[Tim Spector]

Yeah. And that can be explained through a number of mechanisms. Right. One could be inflammation. There could be this inflammatory response that's causing some disruption with how your body's handling that. And that reminds me of a study, this was conducted by researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine recently. And they found that. And this is a huge issue that people are talking about in relationship to metabolism. Inflammation. Yes. But specifically neuroinflammation. And these researchers were looking at hypothalamic inflammation. So the hypothalamus is kind of glorified as, like a master gland in our brain that's controlling a lot of things downstream. It's an integration of our nervous system and our endocrine system, so our hormones and also our nervous system. And what they found was that people who had inflammation in their brain, hypothalamic inflammation, had the accumulation of more belly fat and body fat downstream and a higher level of insulin resistance. Now, here's the catch. People with more insulin resistance and more body fat also had higher rates of inflammation in their brain. So it was like this vicious circle that's creating all this metabolic unrest. So their metabolic health is suffering because of inflammation in their brain. But it's just. It's the chicken or the egg scenario, like, which one came first, you know, which one's causing which. And of course, I'm holding back on sharing solutions right out of the gate, but I gotta share one really quickly, if that's okay. I gotta share one.

You couldn't. You couldn't wait.

Some researchers at Auburn University here in the US Found out that there's this really remarkable food that can help to address this neuroinflammation. It's a food that's been used for thousands of years, of course, and it's oleocanthal rich, extra virgin olive oil. They found that it was able to reduce inflammation in the brain, specifically helping to repair and support the blood brain barrier. Because part of the reason this inflammation epidemic is happening in the brain is that things are getting into the brain that shouldn't be there. There's a breakdown of the blood brain barrier that's happening because of the environment that we live in. We could get into all the different reasons why, but it's mayhem. And if people are wondering like, is my brain inflamed? Chances are yes, especially if we're not metabolically healthy. And the question would be, well, why doesn't my doctor know this? The brain is very protective. This isn't something that you're going to notice per se unless you have very, very sophisticated imaging and all these different tests done. It's just a place that we're not looking. But I'm telling you right now, and people that are listening to a show like this, they're always ahead of the curve. And so you're gonna hear more about this in the years coming up, I'm sure. About neuroinflammation, the downstream effects with metabolic health and also body fat causing more neuroinflammation.

[Jonathan Wolf]

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[Shaun Stevenson]

And you're saying the magic properties of extra virgin olive oil on the brain as well as in, you know, other things that might have been studied before.

[Tim Spector]

Yeah. And one of the benefits of that extra virgin olive oil is it tends to be anti inflammatory. Yes.

[Shaun Stevenson]

You mentioned a few minutes ago this idea that like only 12% of adults in the US are metabolically healthy, which is like an extraordinary number. And I know that across Europe and the rest of the western world, you know, these numbers are not very different. I'd love to understand like what that means. And you know, Tim, you're a doctor, what does it mean if someone is metabolically unhealthy, you know, for their long term health?

[Tim Spector]

Well, classically it's been associated with many common disorders, so the main one has been type 2 diabetes. So you're much more prone to have type 2 diabetes if things are unstable in a way. And that just means that the amount of insulin you're producing relative to the amount of sugar is out of kilter and therefore there's more stress on the system, therefore you're more likely to end up with type 2 diabetes. Also means you're more likely to have increased risk of heart disease, increased blood lipids and inflammation in your arteries. Your blood pressure is more likely to be raised, therefore you're going to get hypertension and then get strokes, et cetera. And increasingly it's also been linked to brain disorders as we're discussing. But the big one at the moment is the increase in dementia, which has also been termed as type 3 diabetes because of the increase in both conditions in many countries. So having a disordered metabolic condition really predisposes you to all kinds of conditions and there's probably many more that we don't yet associated with it. Just because your basic system is not functioning properly, which means that the rest of the body is struggling to keep up as well. So as well as these individual problems that we're seeing with glucose and sugar and insulin and blood vessels, the whole system is just working too hard, I think is the way I see it. And therefore your body can't repair itself as well, as well as it could otherwise. And also you get this other problem of inflammation coming in due to the fact that your basic energy system is not, not really on its top game. It's starting to wobble.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I'm trying to think of an analogy. I haven't got a very good one. But this isn't my analogy. A bit like, you know, I know I need to have the oil always needs to be topped up in my car. You know, it's one of those things that they do when they check on it, you know, in order for it to run fine. And my car runs these days for like 10, 12 years without anything going wrong anymore. But if for some reason I let all the oil like run low and I keep running it, then I know I'm sort of causing all this damage to this car and my car is going to like, something's going to go horribly wrong after like three years or Four years. Is that how I think about it? It's not like this big collapse immediately, it's like an ongoing. Yeah, it's damage.

[Tim Spector]

Well, whether it's your car or it's the boiler in your house that's leaking, in order to keep your house heated at the perfect temperature, you're having to sort of put more fuel in. It's less efficient and every now and again it's going to break down or. And cause other problems. I think that's probably more the way to see it. And you might end up with rust in the system and things that wouldn't happen if it was really in its tip top state.

But therein lies the problem with trying to consolidate metabolic health into. Is it the oil? Right. We've got engine coolant, we've got gasoline. Right. To run your car, we've got. Even the windshield wiper fluid could be a problem if it starts raining. Right. It's all of these factors that are impacting the performance of our human vehicle. Right. And so we can't consolidate it. And wonderful researchers are trying to. Like that study that I mentioned with the 12%. Right. We're looking at cardio metabolic factors. But what about how your body is handling insulin and blood sugar and all these different things? But none of these things are happening in a vacuum and they're all affecting each other at the same time. There isn't a cell in your body that's not being affected by the activities of all of your other cells. We have trillions of cells and it's a cellular community.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I like this idea. All your cells are working together in harmony. That's like your analogy. These systems are working really great. What are the simple things that have changed? That means that now you're describing almost everybody as not being metabolically healthy. And presumably 100 years ago they were. What are the key things, to use.

[Tim Spector]

One word, to kind of encompass. It's the environment. The environment that we're existing is very different than a hundred years ago. Very, very different. And whether this is the environment exposure itself, you know, there are billions and billions and billions of newly invented chemicals that are released into the environment here in the US alone. And this is allowed, by the way, by the epa, the Environmental Protection Agency supposed to be protecting. And that's the thing too. We're a part of the environment as well. We tend to separate humans and environment. We're a part of the environment. And so just the air that we're breathing is different. And you know, recently I was having a conversation about these PFAS chemicals or these forever chemicals that are just a part of our lives today.

And these, the ones on Teflon and, you know, the frying pans and cookware and things.

Dupont, thanks to Dupont, this is back around the 1940s and Teflon, which again, just look at this incredible innovation. But now the result of that, the fallout of that is that 98% of people tested on planet Earth, I'm talking about from Alaska to Hawaii, 98% of people now have DuPont's chemicals in their blood. And the researchers had to go back and look at blood from pre that time, you know, around, and it was from, from soldiers to find blood that was clear of these compounds. And so the air we're breathing, the chemical exposure, whether, whether it's through, you know, cooking and the fumes. And this is going back to another thing about our metabolic health and energy we're using. It's not just the things we're eating, it's also what we're inhaling as well, is used as energy and conversion. And so obviously the food, our food culture is very, very different than our ancestors. And you know, I've been talking a lot about this and shouting this from the rooftops, and one of my latest projects really helped to create a shift in this conversation. My book Eat Smarter a few years back in talking about this processed food environment, ultra processed food environment. And According to the BMJ, actually over 60% of the average American's diet is now made of ultra processed, newly invented food. But the numbers are even worse for US children. And this was published in jama, the Journal of the American.

They're even worse for UK children than US ones, most recent data.

Yeah, and this is the thing, as that's being implemented deeper into the culture, those children are now going to, and it's just going to get worse and worse. So about 70% of US children's diet is made of ultra processed, newly invented food. And that number is just continuing to climb. And this isn't just a US phenomenon, obviously, but the question is, what is that? What are, what are ultra processed foods? Humans have been processing food for a very long time. All right, just to be clear, if you're taking that olive oil, for example, where does it come from? We're doing a process to get the olive oil out of the olives, but traditionally it's a cold process, it's a stone process. You're smashing the oil, collecting the oil. It's very simple. Right. Ultra processed foods, on the other hand, is when you have A field of corn that somehow some way gets turned into a box of Lucky Charms. It's so much perversion and things that happen, all these different chemical additives, you know, the processing of even creating this genetically modified weird corn in the first place. But for us, and I grew up in, you know, glorified food desert here in the United States, this was just food. You know, I didn't know that it was bad. For me, it's just what we were exposed to. And it's cheap, it's very tasty as it's designed to be. And for us it's just food. I didn't know that there was a difference between say, you know, wild caught salmon and fish sticks. You know, I didn't know that there was a difference. And so I'm gonna prefer the fish sticks with copious amounts of ketchup.

[Shaun Stevenson]

By the way, I'd love to bring Tim in here both on specifically here, I guess we're talking about these ultra processed foods and do they impact metabolic health? And then I think, also interested in. Sean's talked about quite a number of different ways it might be affecting our metabolic health. And I'm curious, as you're thinking about these, what are you most worried about as people are thinking about this? What should they be most worried about as they think about themselves and their children?

[Tim Spector]

For 20 years I was studying genetics and there's a lot of data showing that genes are important in modifying our metabolic health and where we put the fat and the internal fat. And we've discussed this before, so, you know, I believe that it was genes were really important. But what's clear is the last 50 years where, you know, levels have skyrocketed, our genes haven't changed at all. So our genes were really well adapted for the environment our ancestors had. And that meant, you know, we had the right energy control to get the right blood pressure to have the right amount of fat on our body to be able to process foods correctly. And now we are getting this onslaught of not only pollutants, but all these ultra processed foods that our genes really weren't geared up to deal with. And also the abundance of food, the fact that there is unlimited food, which our ancestors never really had. So I think it's the inability to deal with a, the abundance and the different types of food that are, are causing this problem in most of the population. What's interesting is that there do seem to be some people in all populations that are protected against this. So even in the most obese countries, you'll find about 25% of the population that can stay slim. And we don't really understand why that is, but everyone else has ballooned over the last 50 years. So I think we have to really have a hard look at what we were hardwired for our system and try and get back as close to that. Which means not only changing what we're eating, but also our patterns of eating. You know, so going from our current six episodes of eating every day back to perhaps what our ancestors were doing as two large substantial meals, and also our exercise patterns not being as sedentary, better sleeping patterns, all these things that would then get us back on the same wavelength as our genes have determined for our energy to be stored, our metabolism to be working maximally.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Do we understand how these ultra processed foods can end up damaging your metabolism? Because I think I'm listening to this story that says it's not as simple as just like, you're eating too many calories. I think that was where you started, Sean.

[Tim Spector]

Right.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And there's all of this food that is just profoundly different from anything we had before. But do we understand at all how this works?

[Tim Spector]

We know there are a number of potential mechanisms. Do disagree with you think, Sean, but I don't think we know which ones of them are the most important. We really haven't done enough study on ultra processed foods. It's like been a taboo subject mainly because Big Food has managed to lobby government to make sure that in the US and the UK we're not doing enough research on this because it's, you know, we can't touch cheap food. That's for the masses, that's political, you know, we can't go there. But there are a number of possible mechanisms. One is the speed of which you eat is much different with ultra processed food. So it might bypass some of these evolutionary mechanisms for feeling full. So that's one that all our ancestors would have taken much longer to eat that food. Therefore feeling full, you know, those signals would have come in, which they don't come now. Then you've got the softness of the food, which means it's like baby food we're eating. So your jaw doesn't get the same workout. And there's evidence that the jaws of children now are receding. And if you've seen this, that dentists are very worried that every 10 years our jaws are getting smaller because they're just not used to actually eating real food. So, you know, that's crazy.

[Shaun Stevenson]

You're basically saying that they don't eat. It's Sort of like you're not working out your jaw muscle enough and your jaw is actually not growing.

[Tim Spector]

Yeah. Many people actually spend their whole life eating baby food.

Now this is phenomenon, it's called vanishing caloric density. Right. So we have these foods, like a Cheeto, for example, and it's like so robust, when you first bite into it, then it disappears, right. And it gives this illusion of crunch and density. And so also we'll continue to eat a lot of it and overeat it. And it's designed to be that way because the way that we evolved, we have certain senses and receptors that are very sensitive to flavor and like an overabundance of flavor. And so it's them having the right, designing the right amount of intense flavor, but then to be able to back off with other, with other compounds and just put it at this right level. And also, if we're eating a quote, real food, right, There's a certain amount of chicken that you might eat and you're just like, I'm done with this chicken, like, I can't eat another bite, or the same thing would hold true, you know, with eating an avocado, per se. Like as we're eating a real food, our bodies start to rebel against it. Like, that's enough, I've had enough. It doesn't happen like that. The ad is literally, I bet you can't eat just one. That's the Frito Lay mantra, all right. They're literally saying you can't just eat one of these chips. You're going to eat the bag and you got to fight yourself to stop eating it. It's designed to be that way. It's brilliant. But it's also kind of like a Dr. Evil level of brilliance in childhood.

[Shaun Stevenson]

It's sort of terrifying, isn't it? The way you describe it is like, we've carefully designed this so you're going to be unable to stop eating it.

[Tim Spector]

We're going to beat your genes. Yeah. All that evolution is worthless. You're powerless in our control. And of course, the chemicals in these products themselves have effects on our body that again, our genes and evolution haven't prepared us for. So many of them are totally artificial in that they come from like the petrol industry for most of the artificial sweeteners. And they can disrupt the gut microbes and they produce chemicals that can themselves cause diabetes in other animals and send off anti metabolic signals to the rest of the body. So when you eat some of these junk foods that Sean's talking about, they contain regularly contain artificial sweeteners emulsifiers, preservatives. And these are not things that our ancestors ever encountered or we have genes evolved to. So when they get down to the level of our gut microbes who would normally be processing them, they encounter them, they bash into them. And when they, they see something like an artificial sweetener, they produce chemicals in response to try and break it down. They can't break it down, but the chemicals they produce can go on and make you more likely to get diabetes. They can send signals to the rest of the body saying, there's something going on here. I don't really understand it. It's like an alert signal. It forms inflammatory signals, or it stimulates the immune system, or it messes up the metabolic system. And that's what lots of basic research has shown. And you get similar effects with emulsifiers which glue some of these products together. These potato chips and things always contain these glues to make it look like real food. And when your microbes encounter them, you get similar results. They can clump together so they don't work very well. They get stuck together. And these emulsifiers also affect the gut lining so that you get leakiness of bacteria across into the blood, and that can cause other metabolic disturbances. So these are just a few of the possible ways in which our bad food environment is messing up our energy management system, our metabolism, and that's why we're in this mess.

[Shaun Stevenson]

We talked about a number of different causes behind this metabolic disease. Do you think that food is the number one or how do you think about that?

[Tim Spector]

Yeah, I see it as definitely the number one obvious one that's really changed. I think, yes, there are these pollutants and plastics, but we don't yet know how much of a problem they are yet. We know they're a problem, but we don't know how big it is. You know, we should be very wary about it, but I think we do know enough about ultra processed food now to know that is a definite, real problem for everybody. These other ones, we're just starting to get information on them.

I give you a very explicit reason why food is the number one is because all of our tissues are made of food. Every single one of the trillions of cells that I mentioned is literally made from the food that we eat. And so we're determining what we're making our tissues out of. And also the energy that our bodies are running on is made from the food that we're eating. And so if we've got, you know, our mutual friend Will Bolshowitz, who he went to school for, like, forever, you know, 15 years or something, to be a top tier gastroenterologist. He was not taught that when he's looking at his patient's gut health or looking at, you know, the stomach, the large intestine, the small intestine, that all of those organs are made from the food that his patient has eaten. All right, so the organs responsible for digestion, assimilation and elimination are made from the food that the people are eating itself. Right. Cardiology, same thing. We've got these experts looking at the heart health and the cardiovascular health of their patients. I know the very best in the field. These are my friends and colleagues. They're not taught that when they're looking at their patient's heart or their arteries or their veins, that they're looking at their patient's food that they've eaten, let alone what the blood is made of. And the list goes on and on and on. So that's why food is so powerful to affect change, is because it's making all of the parts. And so if we are going to improve our metabolic health, we've gotta make our parts and our energy out of the best things possible.

[Jonathan Wolf]

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[Shaun Stevenson]

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[Jonathan Wolf]

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[Shaun Stevenson]

Keep up the really hard work of.

[Jonathan Wolf]

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[Shaun Stevenson]

A link to the show with one friend who would benefit from today's information, it would mean a great deal to me.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Thank you.

[Tim Spector]

What do you say, Sean, to people that say it's not about food? We can just tweak the mitochondria. Mitochondria, Jonathan, are these little bits of the cell that we call them the batteries of the cell. And so all our cells have this little mitochondria and they have their own set of genes and things. And there are many people out there who are selling products to enhance your mitochondria. And if you just tweak those mitochondria just a little bit, give them a little 5% more, we can reset everything. I'd be interested in your views on that rather than this more holistic view that we've been talking about. Do you think there is a quick fix through our mitochondria?

I'm sure there are things that can affect the efficiency and health of the mitochondria at a micro scale, but it is this whole System function, by the way, just to give some context, with the mitochondria, about 10% of our body's mass, or about 10% of our weight is made of the mitochondria. All right? We have a ton of mitochondria in our bodies. And so there isn't one thing that's just going to fix all of that and make it run better. And keeping that in mind, the mitochondria really the end destination for certain processes to take place, right? The quote, burning of fuel. But even with that, even with that, there are so many steps preceding that and there are so many steps after. Because if we're just talking about in the context of quote, burning fat. Well, I was taught in school, like policies, right, which is the freeing of the fat to be used as energy. But it still has to make its way, it still has to make its way to the mitochondria, right? We're not just, again, we can't just address the mitochondria, we've gotta address all of the efficiency of this energy getting released to even get there and to be used in the first place.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I'd love actually to talk about what can our listeners do and what are the actions. And before we talk about food, you actually wrote a best selling book called Sleep Smarter. Is there any role for sleep within improving this and maybe just help us say like if we were going to try and run through now, like what are the things you can really do, what would you be saying to that?

[Tim Spector]

Absolutely. So sleep is another one of these epicaloric controllers or epigenetic controllers. And I think the best way to paint this picture is from scientists at the University of Chicago and they did a Ward study, all right, in a controlled setting, crossover study looking at how does our sleep impact our metabolism. All right, and so they had test subjects to get an ample amount of sleep for about two weeks. So this was eight and a half hours of sleep. But they put them on a calorie restricted diet, all right, just to monitor weight loss and body fat loss as well. And so, yeah, they collected all the data. Another part of the study, again, it's a crossover study. So they have a washout period. Now they sleep deprive them, they're on the same diet and different test subjects are doing different things at different times. It's a controlled environment. They're eating the same amount of food, same amount of calories, but now they sleep deprive them and they're only getting five and a half hours of sleep. Collect all that data for about two weeks after they compiled the data, when test subjects were well rested, they lost about 50% more body fat mass doing the same exact thing. They were eating the same amount of calories, but by getting more sleep, they lost more actual body fat. All right, if we're looking at this through the lens of metabolic health, the metabolic health was improved when they were getting better sleep. Now, here's a part of study that I don't talk about a lot. Where is that energy coming from when they're losing weight? Where's that energy coming from when they were sleep deprived? They were losing more muscle, upwards of 60% more of the weight loss because they were in a calorie restriction, but they were losing more of their muscle tissue, which is going to make you more metabolically unhealthy long term. Right? So our sleep has a huge, huge impact on our metabolism. And it might be the big outside of the food itself that we're eating, the other major controller for us to pay attention to.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And Sean, is there one thing that I could do to try and improve my metabolism that I could start doing today?

[Tim Spector]

There are dozens of things, of course, but if I was to consolidate it down to, I could do two really quick. One, number one would be what is the biggest disruptor of our sleep today? Factually, it is our technology. So the number one thing in the environment that I would recommend people to do, we've got tons of data on this. If you're on your screen right before bed, that light that's shooting into your brain is throwing off your circadian clock. Your cell, every cell in your body is getting out of sorts and just trying to figure out what time it is, because we evolved being connected to this 24 hour solar day. And so we have this artificial daytime essentially when we're on our devices right before bed and it suppresses our melatonin and increases our cortisol. So you could be physiologically like, you can be exhausted and just pass out, but you're not going to go through your sleep cycle efficiently. So my recommendation, give yourself a little bit of a tech curfew. Now, again, I know that we're adults and we don't like restriction. Even the word curfew still brings up bad feelings for me. But giving yourself a little bit of a screen curfew. But here's the rub. We cannot take away something that is so attractive for us, like our cell phone, right? Like Instagram and all these things that are designed to keep us hooked and entertain. We've got to replace it with Something of equal or greater value. That's the key. And so what can you put in that place that 30 minutes or an hour, if you want to get crazy off your technology, you know this what is going to be unique to you. So some people love to read. You know, you can read a physical book. They still exist. You can listen to an audiobook or podcast.

[Shaun Stevenson]

I'm guessing I can't just eat chocolate. That's not the right swap.

[Tim Spector]

I mean, chocolate. Tim knows this as well. The quality of the chocolate, like there's some good chocolate out there that can be.

[Shaun Stevenson]

He always tells me off for wanting to eat it at 11. So I like the idea that you're now telling me that in order to put my phone away, I'm allowed to eat my chocolate on your pillow. That's okay.

[Tim Spector]

As a matter of fact, having a cup of maybe like some hot cocoa or cacao with some reishi mushroom, which has been firmed to improve our REM sleep, non REM sleep, overall sleep time, that's a good idea. And I've been known to do that a time or two. And because there's these precursors in cacao, in chocolate, where it comes from, like tryptophan that help convert into melatonin down the road. So the screen curfew, fill that with something of greater equal value, time with your significant other, maybe, maybe some intimate time. Fill it with something that feels good. The second thing would be to control your environment that you're sleeping in and to create a sleep sanctuary. The human brain is always looking for automation. And so if you're going into a room to you want to go to get some great sleep, but you're getting into your bed, and this is where you do a lot of your work. It's where you do a lot of your scrolling. Your brain is going to be looking for that behavior. All right, so make your bedroom tech free to the best of your ability and make sure that you get some. Here we've got some blackout curtains around, but if you got external light pollution, some researchers at Cornell University found that just even putting a light behind the test subject's knee was enough to disrupt their sleep cycle. All right, so our skin has photoreceptors as well. So get the room nice and dark and cool. And to the best of your ability, keep the technology out of. Out of your bedroom. Make it a sleep sanctuary.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Thank you, Sean. So, Tim, what are the best foods to support our metabolic function? If you were going to give us a brief outline of someone, what, what actionable advice someone might be able to take.

[Tim Spector]

We know that you need to avoid foods that are really going to peak your blood sugar and stress your insulin levels. For many people, changing their breakfast, so not having their normal morning cereal or granola, not having their orange juice which they would otherwise think is healthy, cutting out some of those fruit smoothies that they've been told are super healthy. So changing in a way what you believe is healthy food. And this is what people learn when they, when they would do the Zoe program. But I think cutting out those sugar spikes is probably the number one thing for metabolic health. If you had a tip, which means that you should replace those generally with higher fat foods, good quality fats, obviously, and plants that have high fiber content so that you're dampening down any sort of sugar spikes, particularly if you're, you're prone to this or there's metabolic diseases in the family.

[Shaun Stevenson]

And so Tim, what's your go to breakfast?

[Tim Spector]

My go to breakfast is a full fat Greek yogurt mixed with milk, kefir and with berries from the freezer. And I generally use The Zoe Daily 30 mix now on top of that to give me extra fiber and lots of different plants.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Amazing. I have so many more questions, but unfortunately I have hit time so I'm going to try and do a quick summary what's quite a complicated topic. And Sean and Tim, please keep me honest. So the biggest thing I'm taking away is that like only 12% of Americans are metabolically healthy. And you're saying that that number is very similar if you're in the UK or Canada or wherever. And that's a problem because your metabolism is what's turning food into energy. And if it's not working well, actually the end result is either lots of very serious diseases, but also, you know, weight gain and all the results that we see around us. I think the other thing I take away is like the culprit seems to have changed a lot. Like you both talked a lot about ultra processed food and I never heard anybody talk about ultra processed food when I sort of first started Zoe with Tim eight years ago. So that's a really profound change. And Sean, you shared this amazing study where you were saying like literally you had people eat exactly the same sandwich, right. But one was like a sort of regular sandwich like my grandmother might have eaten, and this other one is like this sort of artificial bread and this artificial cheese like substance. And you're saying they actually found that your metabolism like slowed down by half with this ultra processed food. So exactly. The Same number of calories. It looks the same on the outside, but your body is responding really differently. And I think it's another example about how just thinking about calories clearly doesn't help us to understand what happens and how the food we're eating is having this profound impact on us in a way that I think many of us didn't realize then. I think we talked about ultra processed food and the way that it affects us. And one of the things you both talked about is the way that it's baby food. So you eat it and you don't even realize you're full. And it gives you this intense flavor, but then it disappears. You have to keep taking one. And these companies even proudly advertise the fact that it bypasses all your controls and you just can't stop. So there's something quite wrong about that. And then Tim, you explained that for you, a lot of the reasons why you think now this ultra processed food is so harmful is the way that it sort of messes up our microbiome. And I have to say, when you describe the food being full of glue, I don't know about you, but I don't really like the idea that my food is full of glue. It's definitely not like a big ingredient that they put on the front. But like these glues and sweeteners are somehow affecting the microbiome and they can't cope with it. And then it's sending these chemicals that are sort of messing up our microbiome. But then we did come to some like really positive, actionable advice. And I love the fact it's not just about food. And so, Sean, I think you said like sleeping better, that there's these experiments that show that like sleeping better can have a profoundly positive impact on your metabolism. And you said if you were just going to pick two. So you have a whole book, I'm sure with many more clues and we'll have a link to that in the show notes. But if you want to think about two tech curfew. So get the screen turned off before you go to sleep. But be honest, no one likes a curfew. So you need to replace it with something better. So how do you find something else to do in the half hour before you go to sleep that sort of unwinds. And I think I'm going to really think about that. I think that's really interesting how I'm also gonna make sure my wife listens to this bit. Cause we have a constant row about the fact that she brings her phone into the room. And she will never listen to me, but maybe she'll listen to you, Shaun.

[Jonathan Wolf]

And the second one is sleep sanctuary.

[Shaun Stevenson]

So don't associate the place you go to sleep with where you're working. Like keep that separate. Otherwise your brain is sort of gonna start immediately thinking about things, which I love as an idea. And then we came back to food and Tim, you said like your number one tip for metabolic health actually is to avoid foods that peak your blood sugar. That actually that sort of spike in blood sugar and collapse is the very particular thing that you're concerned around metabolic health. And so that means you really want to swap out foods that are leading to these really big blood sugar spikes. And we talked about some of those earlier in the conversation that actually just cause they're brown doesn't mean that they don't spike your blood sugar. And that what many of us who are in their 40s or over were taught about this food pyramid is full of foods that we're told are healthy. But actually, you know, if you eat a lot of brown bread, you're going to have these big spikes. So you just need to moderate that. The biggest place to fix this is your breakfast. Because many of us don't realize just how sort of bad our breakfasts are for us in terms of those blood sugar spikes. And so if you want to be like Tim, then you want to have like much more high quality fat rather than sort of this low quality carbohydrates. And so you went full fat Greek yogurt and kefir and berries and daily 30 to add all the sort of the right plants on top. And that powers you for the through to lunchtime.

[Tim Spector]

It's done pretty well so far. Yep.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Brilliant. Sean, thank you so much. I can tell there's many other things we could have covered, so I hope we can get you back in the future.

[Tim Spector]

It would be an honor. This has been awesome.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Thank you so much.

[Shaun Stevenson]

It's been so much fun, Tim. Thank you.

[Tim Spector]

Also thank you.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Now, if you listen to the show regularly, you already believe that changing how you eat can transform your health. But you can only do so much with general advice from a weekly podcast. If you want to feel much better now and be on the path to live many more healthy years, you need something more. And that's why more than 100,000 members trust Zoe each day to help them make the smartest food choices. Combining our world leading science with your Zoe test results, Zoe is your daily.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Companion to better health for life.

[Jonathan Wolf]

So how does it work, Zoe? Membership starts with at home testing to.

[Shaun Stevenson]

Understand your unique body.

[Jonathan Wolf]

Then Zoe's app is your health coach, using weekly check ins and daily guidance to help you shift your food choices to steadily improve your health. I rely on Zoe's advice every day, and truly, it has transformed how I feel. Will you give Zoe a try? The first step is easy. Take our free quiz to find out what Zoe Membership could do for you. Simply go to Zoe.com podcast where as a podcast listener, you'll get 10% off. As always, I'm your host, Jonathan Wolf. Zoe Science and Nutrition is produced by Julie Pinero, Sam Durham, and Richard Willan. The Zoe Science and Nutrition Podcast is not medical advice and if you have any medical concerns, please consult your doctor. See you next time.